The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essays

The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essays The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essay The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation Essay This experiment is designed to produce ? -DNA bound in gel to fragment according to the restriction enzyme used to cut it up and to the sizes of these subsequent fragments. The aim of this experiment is to produce a -DNA fragmentation, which will be of known sizes because the entirety of the -DNA genome has been mapped. So running -DNA alongside other DNA will allow the size of the other DNA to be found. Prediction: As in the experiment there are restriction enzymes being used on the -DNA, and then running it in gel electrophoresis, to separate the varying size  -DNA fragments, then it is possible to estimate the results. The DNA, after gel electrophoresis will form bands and smears. The smears are where there are many fragments of ? -DNA of a wide range of sizes, and bands are numerous DNA fragments of similar size. Subsequently, as the entirety of the ? -DNA genome has been mapped, and the restriction enzymes used have had their recognition sites identified, then the fragmentation of the ? -DNA can be predicted. Fragmentation of -DNA using R. E. s (Restriction-Enzymes) EcoR1, BamH1 and HindIII So, from this, the bands and smears that appear could be predicted. It would also be reasonable to show that the column with no restriction enzymes present would have no fragmentation of the ? -DNA, as the ? -DNA would not be broken down. For EcoRI: There will be one band near the start (21 226 base pairs fragment) as it is the biggest and so will travel the shortest in the gel electrophoresis. There will be another band about 2-3 times as far as the first, which is the 7 421 base pair fragment. Im reasoning it will be about 2-3 times as far because it is around a third of the size. Next, there will be either one smear or several fragments depending on how far the remaining fragments have moved. As they are all similar in size then they may form an indivisible smear, which has all the DNA fragments in close proximity. If the fragments move quick enough in the gel electrophoresis, and are left for long enough, then the fragments will become further apart and may form individual definable bands. For BamHI: The fragment 16 841 b. p. will form one band near the wells. There may be one band of 7 233b. p but this may have not travelled far enough to be distinguishable from the subsequent fragments as it is similar in size to 6 527 and 6 770. There will be 2 bands, 6 527 b. p. with 6 770 b. p and of 5 505 b. p. with 5 626 b. p. These may however form one smear, as they are similar in size. For HindIII: There will be one band near the start, closest than any fragments of the other wells of the (23 130 b. p. ). There will be one band about over twice as far out (9,416). Then one band of 6 557 b. p. , which may contain fragment 4 361b. p. as a smear, then one band of 2 027 and 2 322 base pairs. This band may smear with the previous smear. There will be a small band much further out compared to the rest of the fragments and the other wells consisting of fragments of 564 and 125 base pairs. This is because they are the smallest and so will travel the furthest. For BamHI there were 3 bands formed, 2,11 and 13mm. This is reasonable because there was one large fragment, 16 841 b. p. (the 2mm distance) and then 2 other bands, which are likely to be the 6 527 with 6 770 (b. p. ) (with 7 233) and the other with 5 626 and 5 505 (b. p. ) For HindIII 4 fragments formed, 4,6,9,11 (mm). There are, however 5-6 distinguishable bands shown by the ? -DNA-restriction enzyme chart. The missing band could be explained by: the smallest fragments, 564 125 (b. p. ), not showing up on the staining because they are too small. Or the biggest fragment (23 130), which is also the biggest fragment out of all the ? -DNA fragmentations (with the different R. Es) may not have been distinguishable from the well itself. Given by the smallest distance was 4mm from the well and as this is the biggest fragment; comparing to the similar size, but smaller EcoRI fragment (21 226 b. p. ) travelling 3 mm, it would say that it was this that did not move enough from the well to be identified separately from the well. Assuming this is the cause, and then the remaining fragments are not unexpected. 4mm is the 9 416 (b. p. ) fragment, the 6 557 b. p. being the 6mm fragment. The remaining 9mm and 11mm are the 2 027 with 2 322 (b. p. ) fragments and the 564, with 125 b. p. fragments respectively. The results for the no restriction enzyme column were more than the prediction stated. There were four bands identified but this should have been 1 band that did not move far at all. This is because as there were no restriction enzymes present then the -DNA was not broken up. This left the entire 48 502 b. p. sequence of the -DNA genome, which should not have moved far, and not into 4 fragments. From these results, the experiment was pretty accurate, comparing to the prediction. There were no unexpected results, except one of the fragments disappearing in HindIII, but, as stated, was probably due to it being undistinguished from the well, the source. Evaluation: Comparing to the prediction of what should happen, the experiment was successful. A possibly way of augmenting the experiment is leaving the current on for longer when letting the. -DNA run in the gel electrophoresis tank. This would allow greater seperation between the bands to allow closer examination of the separate fragments. Increasing the voltage may prove to be damaging, as it may break down the DNA. The results that were not according to the prediction were the no enzyme column. The prediction said that there should be no fragments and that the single fragment (ie. The entire genome) should have moved very little. The possibly causes of this was the DNA was damaged in the handling or that the tube was contaminated at some stage.

Reserach Proposal (Oceanography) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reserach Proposal (Oceanography) - Essay Example The approach adopted will first to assemble comprehensive test-bed observational data sets for both local coastal zones and for the entire North Sea, thence, to develop generic models for tide, surge, wave, turbulence and suspended particulate matter (SPM) simulations. The final stage will involve evaluation of these generic models in simulations against the test-bed data sets. The specific developments might be contrasted with the wider vision for advances in Operational Oceanography presented by Woods et al. (pp. 25) and an accompanying implementation strategy by Prandle and Flemming (pp. 33). As perhaps the first ever attempt to report the wide-ranging, inter-related aspects of developing Operational Forecasting systems, this special issue will constitutes a definable initial milestone. Paper authors will encourage providing a balance between the customary concentration on state-of-the-art progress alongside clear statements of long-standing underlying difficulties. The range of information, including references ranging from latest publications back to the original primary papers, over a wide but coherent field should enable readers to gain a balanced perspective of this topic. The development of generic modules and the ready availability of public domain model codes will be removed much of the mystique that traditionally surrounded marine modeling. The diversity of marine systems will make it unlikely that a single integrated model will evolve as for weather forecasting. However, rationalization of modules within modeling systems will be a recognized goal, together with standardization of prescribed inputs such as bathymetry, tidal boundary conditions, etc. Such enhanced rationalization will enable the essential characteristics of various types of models to be elucidated including the inherent limits to predictability. The WAM wave modeling community will have an outstanding

Leadership Development Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Leadership Development - Dissertation Example Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. Purpose of the study "Leadership development needs organization managers," Whilst in the past, as our research shows, most observers and experts had tended to view Leadership, and leadership development, as an independent area of consideration within the corporate structure, over the past two decades it has been increasingly seen to be an integral part of the total organization management system itself. Consequently, research often links the two areas together. There are an abundance of studies and research documents confirming this fact. These include that of Zaleznick (1977), who defined the leader as the person who brings about change, with the manager being the controller of those changes. Kotter (1990, p. 103) projected the view that "management is about coping with complexity. Leadership, by contrast is about coping with change". The purpose of this report is to examine the validity of the hypothesis. 1.2. Specific Objective This central objective of this report is to examine the opening hypothesis in order to arrive at a conclusion as to its validity and importance. 1.3. Delimitations For the purpose of this report, we have limited our study to the subject as it relates to a commercial organization, in preference to organizations in the public or charitable sector, although in reality the same principles would form the basis for measuring the successful future growth pattern for all of these structures. 1.4. Significance Our study covers the current thinking and research in respect of the leadership developments and its application in the corporate environment, including an analysis its importance and relevance. At the same time, we have reviewed and studied the research available regarding the... The literature will reveal how changes have occurred between these three elements, with the initial concept of management, which has been around since the early part of last century, is seen as the driving force behind the business. Later management was to lose its significance, giving way to the relatively new concept of leadership, with this taking a prominence in the thoughts of corporations and researchers alike. We will see how the views of business analysts and researchers for a period separated leadership and leadership development from management and conducted studies of these in these areas as almost diverse entities, emphasizing the differences between the two. For example, the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (1997), in their study on the subject, concluded that – â€Å"Managing and leading are two different ways of organizing people. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions.† Dr. Paul Harborne (2001) and Stormy Friday (2002) within their respective papers also emphasized differences that exist between these conceptions, stressing the importance that this represented in business terms. However, more research has moved away from these theories, suggesting now that in fact, there is an interrelationship between the leadership and management, and that a competitive and successful business is best achieved in an environment where leadership development and the organization's managers work in partnership.

Memoir of American Sniper Essay Example for Free

Memoir of American Sniper Essay Growing up in a small southern town, Kyle always loved the thrill of hunting, the adrenaline of a rodeo and the adventures of cowboys. Little did he know that his career would include each of these elements. Through his four tours of duty, Kyle served in many major battles of the Iraqi war and ranked over 160 confirmed kills. His first kill came in late March 2003. His Seal Team was tasked to assist the marines as they marched toward Baghdad. Set up on the roof of a run down building, he observed through his scope a woman yank a Chinese grenade from beneath her clothes. As ordered to, he opened fire and consequently saved several Americans’ lives. Over time he increased his accuracy and lethality. One day, he spotted a group of three insurgents 1,600 yards away. Though they believed they were a safe distance away, Kyle incredibly dialed up his own solution, and killed one of them; that shot resulted in his longest confirmed kill in Iraq. I liked this memoir because Kyle demonstrates his patriotism and his selflessness through his perilous adventures. Kyle enlisted in the Seals to honor America, and to protect her people. Chris â€Å"risked [his] life for [his] buddies, to protect [his] friends and fellow countrymen† (267). Furthermore, even though he had a newborn baby, he sacrificed his responsibility as a father in order to serve his country. His extreme patriotism and selflessness allowed him to become a legend.

Comparing Debt Financing and Equity Financing Essay -- Financing Finan

There are two basic ways of financing for a business: Debt financing and equity financing. Debt financing is defined as 'borrowing money that is to be repaid over a period of time, usually with interest" (Financing Basics, 1). The lender does not gain any ownership in the business that is borrowing. Equity financing is described as "an exchange of money for a share of business ownership" (Financing Basics, 1). This form of financing allows the business to obtain funds without having to repay a specific amount of money at any particular time. There are also a few different instruments that could be defined as either debt or equity. One such instrument is stock options that an employee can exercise after so many years with the company. Either using the debt or equity method, or a combination of the two methods can be used to account for stock options or other instruments with the similar characteristics. There are pros and cons to deciding to use either of these methods. First I will discuss the pros of using the debt or equity methods. One pro of using the debt method is that it "does not entail 'selling' their equity, but instead works by 'borrowing' against it" (Financing Using, 1). So the company could account for future stock options by assuming that employees will cash the option in, and, in the books, it will look as if they simply have a liability. Another pro with the equity method is that the company is receiving money, and it does not have to pay the money back. In the end the investing company will normally make money on the investment, but it will come in the form of dividends and/or selling the stock back. There are also a few cons in accounting for these instruments are either debt of equity. "Excessive debt financing may impair your (the company's) credit rating and your ability to raise more money in the future (Financing Basics, 1). If a company has too much debt, it could be considered too risky and unsafe for a creditor to lend money. Also with excessive debt, a business could have problems with business downturns, credit shortages, or interest rate increases. "Conversely, too much equity financing can indicate that you are not making the most productive use of your capital; the capital is not being used advantageously as leverage for obtaining cash" (Financing Basics, 1). A low amount of equity shows that the owne... ...n Shares 400 This would be a very efficient way of accounting for the stock options. There will not be many changes in amounts when the employee has the option. This would be the entry for five years, and then the employee will have their option. Below is the journal entries for both decisions: Employee takes the cash Common Shares 2000 Accounts Payable 500 Cash 2500 Employee takes the stock Accounts Payable 500 Common Shares 500 Again, both methods clear out the accounts payable. Also the employee is receiving the cash or common shares in the right amount. Debt and equity methods are important decisions when deciding what to do with an instrument like stock options. All three methods, debt, equity, or a combination, are helpful in keeping the books correct and fair until the employee exercises their option. The best method in my mind is the combination of methods. It best shows were the money will go on average before the option is decided on. However the other two methods are also important considering the pros and cons of each decision. No clear answer, however, will ever be known as long as accounting exists.

Consequences of China’s One Child Policy

HIST HP 264-002| Consequences of China’s One-Child Policy| | | In the mid 1950’s, China’s population grew rapidly under Mao Zedong. He felt that the only way for China to get back on its feet was to become industrialized and that China would need manpower for this industrialization. â€Å"Even if China's population multiplies many times, she is fully capable of finding a solution; the solution is production,† Mao Zedong proclaimed in 1949. â€Å"Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. † The population grew so dramatically that the country’s resources were becoming scarce. In 1979, just three years after Mao’s death, the â€Å"One-Child Policy† took effect. This law was implemented by Deng Xiaoping to curb the population growth. The original intent for this policy was economically based. There had been a great famine, in which many people lost their lives, and China wanted to prevent this from happening again. There was not enough suitable farmland to provide food for the entire population nor was there enough water. They wanted to reduce the demand for natural resources, maintain a steady labor rate, and reduce unemployment caused by surplus labor. China’s justification for this policy was based on their support of the Marxist theory of population growth. This policy has been called the largest population control effort in history. The policy is very controversial mainly due to the way enforcement has been carried out. While the policy itself has achieved its main goal, by preventing over 400 million births from 1979-2010, the long-term consequences for China will be great. The one-child policy has many regulations. China maintains that this a voluntary policy but the enforcement of the policy has proven otherwise. I will touch briefly on a few of the most important points of the policy. The policy states that both the husband and wife must both practice birth planning. Birth outside of marriage is not allowed. Couples are permitted to have one child. Late marriage and late births are encouraged. Couples who follow the policy and have only one child will be given a certificate to receive rewards and preferential treatment. Those who refuse to follow the policy and give birth to a second child will be fined from the month that the child is born. The wages or annual income of both husband and wife will be decreased by ten to twenty percent for seven years. Regarding pregnancy not adherent to the plan, both husband and wife will be imposed a fine monthly during the period of pregnancy. If the pregnancy is terminated, the fine imposed will be returned. China’s system in caring for the elderly after retirement is simple. The eldest son is generally responsible. In earlier days, this was not such a terrible burden. However, with China’s one-child policy, many families find themselves in quite a predicament when their one child is a girl. A girl is traditionally groomed to be married. When the time comes for her to marry, she leaves her family and becomes a part of her husband’s family. She then becomes responsible for helping her husband care for his aging parents. Thus, her own family will be left without support and care. Even in cases where the family’s only child is a son, the â€Å"4-2-1 Problem† is often created. There is an increased burden on the one child to provide for his aging parents and grandparents, in addition to his immediate family. (The 4-2-1 policy refers to 4 grandparents, 2 parents, and 1 child. If personal savings, pensions or state welfare fail and the single child cannot care for the older adult relatives, the older generations would face a lack of resources and necessities. This is just one possible consequence to China’s one-child policy. When mothers become pregnant for the first time, some manage to have an ultrasound to determine the sex of the baby. This is i llegal in China but still happen none-the-less. If the parents learn that this first child is a girl, it is sometimes aborted. This is due to China’s preference of boys. There are many reasons that Chinese families prefer boys. One reason is an old religious link to Confucianism that prefers sons over daughters. Another reason is that a son is believed to be stronger and better able to help the family with farm work. Also, as I stated earlier, a son will support his parents in retirement and take care of them. A daughter would leave her family and become a part of her husband’s family. Sex-selective abortions are leading to a decline in the female population, which will also have long-term consequences as well. In China, boys are considered to be so important culturally, that a family is looked down on if they do not produce a boy. Therefore, having a boy is a source of great pride for a family. As if they can control their baby’s gender, wives are often threatened to be sent back home to their own families if they cannot produce a boy. When a woman is sent back to her own family, it is considered to be very shameful for both she and her family. Also, she would now be seen as a burden to her own family. They would have another mouth to feed and would have to support her as well. This would create further hardships for her family. Another consequence is the danger associated with enforcing the policy. In the early years of the policy, there were drastic measures taken to ensure that the policy was enforced. Population control workers were hired to enforce the policy strictly. Forced abortions were common amongst these enforcement procedures. Portable ultrasound devices were used to identify candidates who were carrying second children in remote villages. Some mothers who were eight and a half months pregnant were forced to abort their babies. This was often carried out by injecting a saline solution directly into the mother’s stomach. If mothers did not go to the clinic willingly to have the abortions, they were dragged there by force. There have even been reports of mothers who were already nine months pregnant, and in labor, having their babies killed while they were still in the birth canal. This not only harms the unborn child but also puts the mother’s health at risk with the possibility of hemorrhaging, infection, or even death. After these forced abortions, these mothers were subjected to forced sterilization as well. This means that if the government ever changes their mind and retracts the policy, these mothers will have no chance of having another child. Often, a mother becomes pregnant with a second child and manages to keep it a secret from the authorities for fear of forced abortions. If the family is wealthy, they are sometimes allowed to keep the baby if they pay large monetary fines to the government. The amounts of the fines are based on the statistics of the particular area where they are located. They can also have their houses and land taken away as a penalty. They can be denied bonuses at work or may lose their jobs altogether. Parents with more than one child are not given the same benefits as parents of only one child. They must pay for both children to go to school and pay for the entire family’s healthcare. Most families are not able to pay these fines nor are they able to survive without the significant benefits that are normally provided. This leads to families living in poverty and even death due to starvation or lack of proper healthcare. Another consequence of China’s one-child policy is the rate of female infanticide. Parents often panic when their baby is a girl and either kill the baby themselves or abandon the baby. Babies are abandoned in many ways. Sometimes they are taken to remote places and left to die. Other times they are left in public places, with or without notes, so that they can be found and taken to an orphanage. If the child is not found immediately, they can often be malnourished or in poor health when arriving at an orphanage. When this is the case, and a baby is beyond help, some Chinese orphanages have what are called â€Å"dying rooms†. These rooms are horrific. Babies are strapped to a chair with a hole in the seat that collects the baby’s waste. The babies in these rooms are left there, with no nourishment or care, to die. In the cases where the babies are abandoned and someone finds them rather quickly, they are taken to an orphanage to be cared for or are sent to a foster family. The lucky children are adopted internationally. Others can spend their whole lives in the orphanage. In China there are around 1,000 orphanages. Only 250 of those will send children out of the country to be adopted. Officially registered adoptions increased from 2,000 in 1992 to 55,000 in 2001. Many more were adopted informally without registration. In 2005, around 7,900 children were adopted into the United States. In reality, only about 5% of children in Chinese orphanages are adopted at all. Many babies put up for adoption have not been abandoned by their parents but confiscated by family planning officials. The one-child policy has also had a negative effect on the children legally born to couples. Parents tend to over indulge these children. This epidemic has created the name â€Å"little emperors† for these children and the condition created is being called â€Å"little emperor syndrome†. These children are spoiled. Because there was once a great famine in China, the parents want to give these children what they were deprived of. They want to ensure that they have plenty to eat and overindulge them. The children have become fat. There is now an initiative in China to stop obesity in children. There are clinics where parents and children are educated about healthy eating and exercise. Some children are even receiving acupuncture to curb their appetites. The fact that children are becoming overweight is not the only problem with the â€Å"little emperors†. They also suffer from poor social communication, poor cooperation skills and lack of self-discipline. They often struggle with strong personality disorders. In March 2007, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) called on the Chinese government to abolish the one-child rule. Ye Tingfang, a sponsor of the proposal, argues that â€Å"It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them. The one-child limit is too extreme. Children in our country may not even be blessed to have cousins which is a serious handicap to their nature and may lead to personality flaws. It violates nature’s law and in the long run, this will lead to Mother Nature’s revenge. Because of the one-child policy, families who desperately want to have a second child often take on a foster child. This can temporarily fill a void of desire for more children. These families become very attached to the babies that they care for and love them just as if they were their own. When these babies are adopted, the foster parents are devastated and become deeply depressed and are forced to cope with the los s. This emotional strain is equally felt by the birth parents, who were forced to either abandon the baby or surrender it by force, as well as the foster parents who have cared for the infant. The one-child policy has affected the population significantly. In some areas, there has been a negative population growth. This means that the deaths of a region have outweighed the births. Also, the Chinese population is aging. This is when the median age of a country or region rises. The elders are now becoming greater than the younger generation. This will surely pose a tough strain on the younger generation to care for their older family members with no help from siblings. Another potential problem will arise as the preferred boys reach the age to marry and procreate. There will be a major shortage of women to fulfill the need. In recent studies, the ratio of men to women is 117:100. It is estimated that in the year 2020, there will be 40 million more men than women. This will have extreme consequences. These consequences include social instability, courtship motivated emigration, and forced marriages. Another tragic consequence is prostitution which can also lead to a rise in human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Already there has been a problem with abduction of women. Women are being kidnapped and sold to men in other provinces. They are being raped and treated badly. If they try to scape, they are beaten severely. This are all consequences of the gender imbalance created as a result of China’s one-child policy. There have been a few exceptions made to the policy over the years. In rural areas, parents can apply to have a second child if the first is a girl. Other circumstances that would allow consideration for a second child would be if the first child s uffers from a physical disability, mental illness or mental retardation. When this special permission is granted, the parents are subject to birth spacing. This means that the parents must wait a specific amount of time before having the second child. This time period is generally from three to five years. Exceptions have also been made if both parents are only children. This would relieve the burden of the â€Å"4-2-1 problem† on just one child. Special considerations have also been made when the father is a disabled serviceman who will not be able to care for his own aging parents. Official permission is sometimes granted in cases such as the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, where children perished and in other cases where the child is deceased. Finally, there are exceptions made in affirmative action cases such as with Han Chinese who are considered to be minorities. Although the one child policy seems like an extremely harsh and controversial method of controlling the population, it isn’t as harsh as it may seem at first. It depends on which area of the country you live in as to how much it affects you. In some areas which have a low population, the policy is somewhat lenient, whereas in Sichuan, the policy is strictly adhered to in both rural and urban areas because it is overpopulated. As nearly 50% of China’s population live in the countryside, many are permitted to have two children because for the majority of places, the policy is more strictly enforced in urban areas. Typically, the power of enforcement is given at the provincial level. In March of 2011, the policy was reviewed by the Chinese government. Some officials expressed the need for consideration to allow couples to have a second child. The government announced that the policy will remain unchanged through at least 2015. China’s one-child policy has had many benefits. It has greatly reduced the severity of some major problems that come with overpopulation such as epidemics and slums. It has also helped out the issues with overwhelmed social services such as healthcare, education and law enforcement. The policy has helped reduce China’s ecological footprint by decreasing the abuse of fertile land and reduced the production of high volumes of waste. It has, in recent years, provided better health service for women. There has been a reduction in the risks of death and injury in pregnancy and women receive free contraception and prenatal classes. China in recent years, for the most part, has maintained a steady labor rate with reduced unemployment. With families having to spend less money on multiple children, they have more to invest for retirement. Finally, with fewer children, women can invest more time in their careers, increasing their personal income. With all of the benefits that have come from the policy, sometimes all the money and material possessions in the world cannot compare to the love of a child and the freedom to choose how large your family can be. In conclusion, China’s one-child policy was a drastic measure taken over thirty years ago to control a growing population problem. While it has succeeded in lowering the population and improving the economic situation, the long-term emotional and physical effects felt by families will continue to be unbearable for generations. Losing a child due to natural causes is hard enough but being forced into abortion, sterilization and abandonment has to be so much worse. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fitzpatrick, Laura. â€Å"China’s One-Child Policy,† Time, posted July 27, 2009, http://www. time. com/time/world/article (accessed April 9, 2011). Buckley Ebrey, Patricia. Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. 2nd ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 478-481. Hesketh, Therese, Ph. D. â€Å"The Effect of China’s One-Child Policy after 25 Years,† The New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 11 (2005): 1171-1176. Lost Girls. DVD, directed by David Royle (2005; Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). Phillips, Michelle. â€Å"Women forced to abort under China’s one-child policy,† The Washington Times, posted June 2, 2010, http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jun/2 (accessed April 9, 2011). Mosher, Steven W. â€Å"A Mother’s Ordeal: One Woman’s Fight Against China’s One Child Policy,† (MN: Park Press, Inc. , 1993), 56-60. Hays, Jeffrey. â€Å"One-Child Policy in China,† http://factsanddetails. com/china. php (accessed April 9, 2011). Scott, Joan. â€Å"Child Adoption in Contemporary Rural China,† Journal of Family Issues, March 27, 2006: 301-340. Consultative Conference: â€Å"The government must end the one-child rule,† AsiaNewsit. com, March 16, 2007 (accessed April 9, 2011). Sina English, â€Å"Advisors say it’s time to change one-child policy,† Shanghai Daily, March 15, 2007. http://english. sina. com/china/1/2007/0315/ (accessed April 9, 2011). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Laura Fitzpatrick, â€Å"China’s One-Child Policy,† Time, posted July 27, 2009, http://www. time. com/time/world/article (accessed April 9, 2011). [ 2 ]. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. 2nd ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 478-481. 3 ]. Therese Hesketh, Ph. D, â€Å"The Effect of China’s One-Child Policy after 25 Years,† The New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 11 (2005): 1171-1176. [ 4 ]. Steven W. Mosher, â€Å"A Mother’s Ordeal: One Woman’s Fight Agains t China’s One Child Policy,† (MN: Park Press, Inc. , 1993), 56-60. [ 5 ]. Lost Girls. DVD, directed by David Royle (2005; Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). [ 6 ]. Michelle Phillips, â€Å"Women forced to abort under China’s one-child policy,† The Washington Times, posted June 2, 2010, http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jun/2 (accessed April 9, 2011). 7 ]. Jeffrey Hays, â€Å"One-Child Policy in China,† http://factsanddetails. com/china. php (accessed April 9, 2011). [ 8 ]. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. 2nd ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 478-481. [ 9 ]. Lost Girls. DVD, directed by David Royle (2005; Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). [ 10 ]. Joan Scott, â€Å"Child Adoption in Contemporary Rural China,† Journal of Family Issues, March 27, 2006: 301-340. [ 11 ]. Consultative Conference: â€Å"The government must end the one-child rule,† AsiaNewsit. com, March 16, 2007 (acce ssed April 9, 2011). [ 12 ]. Sina English, â€Å"Advisors say it’s time to change one-child policy,† Shanghai Daily, March 15, 2007. http://english. sina. com/china/1/2007/0315/ (accessed April 9, 2011). [ 13 ]. Lost Girls. DVD, directed by David Royle (2005; Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). [ 14 ]. Therese Hesketh, Ph. D, â€Å"The Effect of China’s One-Child Policy after 25 Years,† The New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 11 (2005): 1171-1176. [ 15 ]. Lost Girls. DVD, directed by David Royle (2005; Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2005). [ 16 ]. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. 2nd ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 478-481.

Bellerophon Adventures of a Bad Boy Hero

Bellerophon was one of the major heroes of Greek mythology because he was the son of a mortal father. Whats in a demigod? Lets take a look at Bellerophon. The Birth of a Hero Remember Sisyphus, the guy punished for being a trickster by having to roll a rock up a hill - then doing it over and over, for eternity? Well, before he got into all that trouble, he was the king of Corinth, an important city in ancient Greece. He married Merope, one of the Pleiades - daughters of the Titan Atlas who were also stars in the sky. Sisphyus and Merope had one son, Glaucus. When it came time to get married, Glaucus ... had by Eurymede a son Bellerophon, according to Pseudo-Apollodoruss Library. Homer echoes this in the Iliad, saying, Sisyphus, son of Aeolus .... begat a son Glaucus; and Glaucus begat peerless Bellerophon. But what made Bellerophon so peerless? For one, Bellerophon was one of many Greek heroes (think Theseus, Heracles, and more) who had both human and divine fathers. Poseidon had relations with his mother, so Bellerophon was counted as both a man and a child of a god. So hes called both Sisyphus and Poseidons kid. Hyginus numbers Bellerophon among Poseidons sons in his Fabulae, and Hesiod elaborates even further on it. Hesiod calls Eurymede Eurynome, to whom Pallas Athene taught all her art, both wit and wisdom too; for she was as wise as the gods. But she lay in the arms of Poseidon and bare in the house of Glaucus blameless Bellerophon ... Not bad for a queen - a semi-divine child as her kid! Pegasus and Pretty Women As Poseidons son, Bellerophon was entitled to gifts from his immortal dad. Present number one? A winged horse as a pal. Hesiod writes, And when he began to roam, his father gave him Pegasus who would bear him most swiftly on his wings, and flew unwearying everywhere over the earth, for like the gales he would course along. Athena may actually have had a role in this. Pindar claims that Athena helped Bellerophon harness Pegasus by giving him a bridle with golden cheek-pieces. After sacrificing a bull to Athena, Bellerophon was able to bridle the untameable horse. He stretched the gentle charmed bridle around its jaws and caught the winged horse. Mounted on its back and armored in bronze, at once he began to play with weapons. First up on the list? Hanging out with a king named Proteus, whose wife, Antaea, fell in love with their guest. Why was that so bad? For Antaea, wife of Proetus, lusted after him, and would have had him lie with her in secret; but Bellerophon was an honorable man and would not, so she told lies about him to Proetus, says Homer. Of course, Proteus believed his wife, who claimed that Bellerophon tried to rape her. Interestingly, Diodorus Siculus says that Bellerophon went to visit Proteus because he was in exile because of a murder he had unwittingly committed. Proteus would have killed Bellerophon, but the Greeks had a strict policy of taking care of their guests. So, in order to get Bellerophon - but not do the deed himself - Proteus sent Bellerophon and his flying horse off to his father-in-law, King Iobates of Lycia (in Asia Minor). Along with Bellerophon, he sent a closed letter to Iobates, telling him of what B. supposedly did to Iobatess daughter. Needless to say, Iobates wasnt so fond of his new guest and wanted to kill Bellerophon! How to Get Away with Murder So he wouldnt violate the guest bond, Iobates tried to get a monster to kill Bellerophon. He first commanded Bellerophon to kill that savage monster, the Chimaera. This was one terrifying beast, who had the head of a lion and the tail of a serpent, while her body was that of a goat, and she breathed forth flames of fire. Presumably, not even Bellerophon could defeat this monster, so shed do the killing for Iobates and Proteus. Not so fast. Bellerophon was able to use his heroics to defeat the Chimaera, for he was guided by signs from heaven. He did it from high up, says Pseudo-Apollodorus. So Bellerophon mounted his winged steed Pegasus, offspring of Medusa and Poseidon, and soaring on high shot down the Chimera from the height. Next up on his battle list? The Solymi, a tribe in Lycia, recounts Herodotus. Then, Bellerophon took on the Amazons, fierce warrior women of the ancient world, on the command of Iobates. He defeated them, but still the Lycian king plotted against him, for he chose the bravest warriors in all Lycia, and placed them in ambuscade, but not a man ever came back, for Bellerophon killed every one of them, says Homer. Finally, Iobates realized he had a good guy on his hands. As a result, he honored Bellerophon and kept him in Lycia, gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him of equal honor in the kingdom with himself; and the Lycians gave him a piece of land, the best in all the country, fair with vineyards and tilled fields, to have and to hold. Ruling Lycia with his father-in-law, Bellerophon even had three kids. Youd think he had it all ... but this wasnt enough for an egotistical hero. Downfall from On High Not content with being a king and a gods son, Bellerophon decided to try to become a god himself. He mounted Pegasus and attempted to fly him to Mount Olympus. Writes Pindar in his Isthmean Ode, Winged Pegasus threw his master Bellerophon, who wanted to go to the dwelling-places of heaven and the company of Zeus. Tossed down to earth, Bellerophon had lost his heroic status and lived the rest of his life in indignity. Homer writes that he came to be hated by all the gods, he wandered all desolate and dismayed upon the Alean plain, gnawing at his own heart, and shunning the path of man. Not a nice way to end a heroic life! As for his kids, two out of three died due to the gods anger. Ares, insatiate of battle, killed his son Isandros while he was fighting the Solymi; his daughter was killed by Artemis of the golden reins, for she was angered with her, writes Homer. But his other son, Hippolochus, lived to father a son named Glaucus, who fought at Troy and narrated his own lineage in the Iliad. Hippolochus encouraged Glaucus to live up to his famous ancestry, noting he urged me, again and again, to fight ever among the foremost and out-vie my peers, so as not to shame the blood of my fathers who were the noblest in Ephyra and in all Lycia.