Debut Albums and Important Thing

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Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. w that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is a n important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. ave to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her.The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. ak up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation.At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. ion.At some point in time, you found something special i Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is hones tly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. n this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life.once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you sh ould think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. u should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thin Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an ess ay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do.Even if your heart tells you different you should thin Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in ti me, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is an important th Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is an important t Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or g irlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. hing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think abo ut again. ing in life.once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of break Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her.The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of break ing up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. ing up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. k about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again.g in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation.At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, o r whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you tho Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do.Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. important thing in life. once you reach th Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or he r life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her.The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realizatio Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her.The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach tha t point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. n is an important thing in life. once you reach th Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important t Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfrie nd.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do.Even if your heart tells you different you should think a Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. A Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life.Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a re Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her.The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach t hat point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. lationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him.Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up w Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation.At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thought of breaking up with her once odds are you're going to think about again. ith her once odds are you're going to think about again.t some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tells you different you should think about your future, because if you thou ght of breaking up with h Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. 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The first step to ending a relationship is to know that is has lost its energy, spark, or whatever you wanna call it, and that you are getting bored of her or him. Realization is an important thing in life. once you reach that point of thought, you should already know what to do. Even if your heart tell Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend.Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. Breaking up Is honestly a hard thing to do no matter what the situation. At some point in time, you found something special in this person, that you that you can't see in him or her. The first step to ending a relationship i Hi my name is Da’Shawn-Toombs-Wilson and this is an essay about how to break up with your boyfriend or girlfriend. Almost everyone will have to break up with a girlfriend or boyfriend at some point in his or her life. 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Chapter 27 Padfoot Returns

One of the best things about the aftermath of the second task was that everybody was very keen to hear details of what had happened down in the lake, which meant that Ron was getting to share Harry's limelight for once. Harry noticed that Ron's version of events changed subtly with every retelling. At first, he gave what seemed to be the truth; it tallied with Hermione's story, anyway – Dumbledore had put all the hostages into a bewitched sleep in Professor McGonagall's office, first assuring them that they would be quite safe, and would awake when they were back above the water. One week later, however, Ron was telling a thrilling tale of kidnap in which he struggled single-handedly against fifty heavily armed merpeople who had to beat him into submission before tying him up. â€Å"But I had my wand hidden up my sleeve,† he assured Padma Patil, who seemed to be a lot keener on Ron now that he was getting so much attention and was making a point of talking to him every time they passed in the corridors. â€Å"I could've taken those mer-idiots any time I wanted.† â€Å"What were you going to do, snore at them?† said Hermione waspishly. People had been teasing her so much about being the thing that Viktor Krum would most miss that she was in a rather tetchy mood. Ron's ears went red, and thereafter, he reverted to the bewitched sleep version of events. As they entered March the weather became drier, but cruel winds skinned their hands and faces every time they went out onto the grounds. There were delays in the post because the owls kept being blown off course. The brown owl that Harry had sent to Sirius with the dates of the Hogsmeade weekend turned up at breakfast on Friday morning with half its feathers sticking up the wrong way; Harry had no sooner torn off Sirius's reply than it took flight, clearly afraid it was going to be sent outside again. Sirius's letter was almost as short as the previous one. Be at stile at end of road out of Hogsmeade (past Dervish and Banges) at two o'clock on Saturday afternoon. Bring as much food as you can. â€Å"He hasn't come back to Hogsmeade?† said Ron incredulously. â€Å"It looks like it, doesn't it?† said Hermione. â€Å"I can't believe him,† said Harry tensely, â€Å"if he's caught†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Made it so far, though, hasn't he?† said Ron. â€Å"And it's not like the place is swarming with dementors anymore.† Harry folded up the letter, thinking. If he was honest with himself, he really wanted to see Sirius again. He therefore approached the final lesson of the afternoon – double Potions – feeling considerably more cheerful than he usually did when descending the steps to the dungeons. Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle were standing in a huddle outside the classroom door with Pansy Parkinson's gang of Slytherin girls. All of them were looking at something Harry couldn't see and sniggering heartily. Pansys pug-like face peered excitedly around Goyle's broad back as Harry, Ron, and Hermione approached. â€Å"There they are, there they are!† she giggled, and the knot of Slytherins broke apart. Harry saw that Pansy had a magazine in her hands – Witch Weekly. The moving picture on the front showed a curly-haired witch who was smiling toothily and pointing at a large sponge cake with her wand. â€Å"You might find something to interest you in there, Granger!† Pansy said loudly, and she threw the magazine at Hermione, who caught it, looking startled. At that moment, the dungeon door opened, and Snape beckoned them all inside. Hermione, Harry, and Ron headed for a table at the back of the dungeon as usual. Once Snape had turned his back on them to write up the ingredients of todays potion on the blackboard, Hermione hastily rifled through the magazine under the desk. At last, in the center pages, Hermione found what they were looking for. Harry and Ron leaned in closer. A color photograph of Harry headed a short piece entitled: Harry Potter's Secret Heartache A boy like no other, perhaps – yet a boy suffering all the usual pangs of adolescence, writes Rita Skeeter. Deprived of love since the tragic demise of his parents, fourteen-year-old Harry Potter thought he had found solace in his steady girlfriend at Hogwarts, Muggle-born Hermione Granger. Little did he know that he would shortly be suffering yet another emotional blow in a life already littered with personal loss. Miss Granger, a plain but ambitious girl, seems to have a taste for famous wizards that Harry alone cannot satisfy. Since the arrival at Hogwarts of Viktor Krum, Bulgarian Seeker and hero of the last World Quidditch Cup, Miss Granger has been toying with both boys' affections. Krum, who is openly smitten with the devious Miss Granger, has already invited her to visit him in Bulgaria over the summer holidays, and insists that he has â€Å"never felt this way about any other girl.† However, it might not be Miss Granger's doubtfu l natural charms that have captured these unfortunate boys' interest. â€Å"She's really ugly,† says Pansy Parkinson, a pretty and vivacious fourth-year student, â€Å"but she'd be well up to making a Love Potion, she's quite brainy. I think that's how she's doing it.† Love Potions are, of course, banned at Hogwarts, and no doubt Albus Dumbledore will want to investigate these claims. In the meantime, Harry Potters well-wishers must hope that, next time, he bestows his heart on a worthier candidate. â€Å"I told you!† Ron hissed at Hermione as she stared down at the article. â€Å"I told you not to annoy Rita Skeeter! She's made you out to be some sort of- of scarlet woman!† Hermione stopped looking astonished and snorted with laughter. â€Å"Scarlet woman?† she repeated, shaking with suppressed giggles as she looked around at Ron. â€Å"It's what my mum calls them,† Ron muttered, his ears going red. â€Å"If that's the best Rita can do, she's losing her touch,† said Hermione, still giggling, as she threw Witch Weekly onto the empty chair beside her. â€Å"What a pile of old rubbish.† She looked over at the Slytherins, who were all watching her and Harry closely across the room to see if they had been upset by the article. Hermione gave them a sarcastic smile and a wave, and she, Harry, and Ron started unpacking the ingredients they would need for their Wit-Sharpening Potion. â€Å"There's something funny, though,† said Hermione ten minutes later, holding her pestle suspended over a bowl of scarab beetles. â€Å"How could Rita Skeeter have known†¦?† â€Å"Known what?† said Ron quickly. â€Å"You haven't been mixing up Love Potions, have you?† â€Å"Don't be stupid,† Hermione snapped, starting to pound up her beetles again. â€Å"No, it's just†¦how did she know Viktor asked me to visit him over the summer?† Hermione blushed scarlet as she said this and determinedly avoided Ron's eyes. â€Å"What?† said Ron, dropping his pestle with a loud clunk. â€Å"He asked me right after he'd pulled me out of the lake.† Hermione muttered. â€Å"After he'd got rid of his shark's head. Madam Pomfrey gave us both blankets and then he sort of pulled me away from the judges so they wouldn't hear, and he said, if I wasn't doing anything over the summer, would I like to -â€Å" â€Å"And what did you say?† said Ron, who had picked up his pestle and was grinding it on the desk, a good six inches from his bowl, because he was looking at Hermione. â€Å"And he did say he'd never felt the same way about anyone else,† Hermione went on, going so red now that Harry could almost feel the heat coming from her, â€Å"but how could Rita Skeeter have heard him? She wasn't there†¦or was she? Maybe she has got an Invisibility Cloak; maybe she sneaked onto the grounds to watch the second task†¦.† â€Å"And what did you say?† Ron repeated, pounding his pestle down so hard that it dented the desk. â€Å"Well, I was too busy seeing whether you and Harry were okay to -â€Å" â€Å"Fascinating though your social life undoubtedly is. Miss Granger,† said an icy voice right behind them, and all three of them jumped, â€Å"I must ask you not to discuss it in my class. Ten points from Gryffindor.† Snape had glided over to their desk while they were talking. The whole class was now looking around at them; Malfoy took the opportunity to flash POTTER STINKS across the dungeon at Harry. â€Å"Ah†¦reading magazines under the table as well?† Snape added, snatching up the copy of Witch Weekly. â€Å"A further ten points from Gryffindor†¦oh but of course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Snape's black eyes glittered as they fell on Rita Skeeter's article. â€Å"Potter has to keep up with his press cuttings†¦.† The dungeon rang with the Slytherins' laughter, and an unpleasant smile curled Snape's thin mouth. To Harry's fury, he began to read the article aloud. â€Å"‘Harry Potter's Secret Heartache†¦dear, dear. Potter, what's ailing you now? ‘A boy like no other, perhaps†¦'† Harry could feel his face burning. Snape was pausing at the end of every sentence to allow the Slytherins a hearty laugh. The article sounded ten times worse when read by Snape. Even Hermione was blushing scarlet now. â€Å"‘†¦Harry Potter's well-wishers must hope that, next time, he bestows his heart upon a worthier candidate.' How very touching,† sneered Snape, rolling up the magazine to continued gales of laughter from the Slytherins. â€Å"Well, I think I had better separate the three of you, so you can keep your minds on your potions rather than on your tangled love lives. Weasley, you stay here. Miss Granger, over there, beside Miss Parkinson. Potter – that table in front of my desk. Move. Now.† Furious, Harry threw his ingredients and his bag into his cauldron and dragged it up to the front of the dungeon to the empty table. Snape followed, sat down at his desk and watched Harry unload his cauldron. Determined not to look at Snape, Harry resumed the mashing of his scarab beetles, imagining each one to have Snape's face. â€Å"All this press attention seems to have inflated your already over-large head. Potter,† said Snape quietly, once the rest of the class had settled down again. Harry didn't answer. He knew Snape was trying to provoke him; he had done this before. No doubt he was hoping for an excuse to take a round fifty points from Gryffindor before the end of the class. â€Å"You might be laboring under the delusion that the entire wizarding world is impressed with you,† Snape went on, so quietly that no one else could hear him (Harry continued to pound his scarab beetles, even though he had already reduced them to a very fine powder), â€Å"but I don't care how many times your picture appears in the papers. To me. Potter, you are nothing but a nasty little boy who considers rules to be beneath him.† Harry tipped the powdered beetles into his cauldron and started cutting up his ginger roots. His hands were shaking slightly out of anger, but he kept his eyes down, as though he couldn't hear what Snape was saying to him. â€Å"So I give you fair warning, Potter,† Snape continued in a sorter and more dangerous voice, â€Å"pint-sized celebrity or not – if I catch you breaking into my office one more time -â€Å" â€Å"I haven't been anywhere near your office!† said Harry angrily, forgetting his feigned deafness. â€Å"Don't lie to me,† Snape hissed, his fathomless black eyes boring into Harry's. â€Å"Boomslang skin. Gillyweed. Both come from my private stores, and I know who stole them.† Harry stared back at Snape, determined not to blink or to look guilty. In truth, he hadn't stolen either of these things from Snape. Hermione had taken the boomslang skin back in their second year – they had needed it for the Polyjuice Potion – and while Snape had suspected Harry at the time, he had never been able to prove it. Dobby, of course, had stolen the gillyweed. â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about,† Harry lied coldly. â€Å"You were out of bed on the night my office was broken into!† Snape hissed. â€Å"I know it. Potter! Now, Mad-Eye Moody might have joined your fan club, but I will not tolerate your behavior! One more nighttime stroll into my office, Potter, and you will pay!† â€Å"Right,† said Harry coolly, turning back to his ginger roots. â€Å"I'll bear that in mind if I ever get the urge to go in there.† Snape's eyes flashed. He plunged a hand into the inside of his black robes. For one wild moment. Harry thought Snape was about to pull out his wand and curse him – then he saw that Snape had drawn out a small crystal bottle of a completely clear potion. Harry stared at it. â€Å"Do you know what this is. Potter?† Snape said, his eyes glittering dangerously again. â€Å"No,† said Harry, with complete honesty this time. â€Å"It is Veritaserum – a Truth Potion so powerful that three drops would have you spilling your innermost secrets for this entire class to hear,† said Snape viciously. â€Å"Now, the use of this potion is controlled by very strict Ministry guidelines. But unless you watch your step, you might just find that my hand slips† – he shook the crystal bottle slightly – â€Å"right over your evening pumpkin juice. And then. Potter†¦then we'll find out whether you've been in my office or not.† Harry said nothing. He turned back to his ginger roots once more, picked up his knife, and started slicing them again. He didn't like the sound of that Truth Potion at all, nor would he put it past Snape to slip him some. He repressed a shudder at the thought of what might come spilling out of his mouth if Snape did it†¦quite apart from landing a whole lot of people in trouble – Hermione and Dobby for a start – there were all the other things he was concealing†¦like the fact that he was in contact with Sirius†¦and – his insides squirmed at the thought – how he felt about Cho†¦.He tipped his ginger roots into the cauldron too, and wondered whether he ought to take a leaf out of Moody's book and start drinking only from a private hip flask. There was a knock on the dungeon door. â€Å"Enter,† said Snape in his usual voice. The class looked around as the door opened. Professor Karkaroff came in. Everyone watched him as he walked up toward Snape's desk. He was twisting his finger around his goatee and looking agitated. â€Å"We need to talk,† said Karkaroff abruptly when he had reached Snape. He seemed so determined that nobody should hear what he was saying that he was barely opening his lips; it was as though he were a rather poor ventriloquist. Harry kept his eyes on his ginger roots, listening hard. â€Å"I'll talk to you after my lesson, Karkaroff,† Snape muttered, but Karkaroff interrupted him. â€Å"I want to talk now, while you can't slip off, Severus. You've been avoiding me.† â€Å"After the lesson,† Snape snapped. Under the pretext of holding up a measuring cup to see if he'd poured out enough armadillo bile, Harry sneaked a sidelong glance at the pair of them. Karkaroff looked extremely worried, and Snape looked angry. Karkaroff hovered behind Snape's desk for the rest of the double period. He seemed intent on preventing Snape from slipping away at the end of class. Keen to hear what Karkaroff wanted to say, Harry deliberately knocked over his bottle of armadillo bile with two minutes to go to the bell, which gave him an excuse to duck down behind his cauldron and mop up while the rest of the class moved noisily toward the door. â€Å"What's so urgent?† he heard Snape hiss at Karkaroff. â€Å"This,† said Karkaroff, and Harry, peering around the edge of his cauldron, saw Karkaroff pull up the left-hand sleeve of his robe and show Snape something on his inner forearm. â€Å"Well?† said Karkaroff, still making every effort not to move his lips. â€Å"Do you see? It's never been this clear, never since -â€Å" â€Å"Put it away!† snarled Snape, his black eyes sweeping the classroom. â€Å"But you must have noticed -† Karkaroff began in an agitated voice. â€Å"We can talk later, Karkaroff!† spat Snape. â€Å"Potter! What are you doing?† â€Å"Clearing up my armadillo bile, Professor,† said Harry innocently, straightening up and showing Snape the sodden rag he was holding. Karkaroff turned on his heel and strode out of the dungeon. He looked both worried and angry. Not wanting to remain alone with an exceptionally angry Snape, Harry threw his books and ingredients back into his bag and left at top speed to tell Ron and Hermione what he had just witnessed. They left the castle at noon the next day to find a weak silver sun shining down upon the grounds. The weather was milder than it had been all year, and by the time they arrived in Hogsmeade, all three of them had taken off their cloaks and thrown them over their shoulders. The food Sirius had told them to bring was in Harry's bag; they had sneaked a dozen chicken legs, a loaf of bread, and a flask of pumpkin juice from the lunch table. They went into Gladrags Wizardwear to buy a present for Dobby, where they had fun selecting the most lurid socks they could find, including a pair patterned with flashing gold and silver stars, and another that screamed loudly when they became too smelly. Then, at half past one, they made their way up the High Street, past Dervish and Banges, and out toward the edge of the village. Harry had never been in this direction before. The winding lane was leading them out into the wild countryside around Hogsmeade. The cottages were fewer here, and their gardens larger; they were walking toward the foot of the mountain in whose shadow Hogsmeade lay. Then they turned a corner and saw a stile at the end of the lane. Waiting for them, its front paws on the topmost bar, was a very large, shaggy black dog, which was carrying some newspapers in its mouth and looking very familiar†¦. â€Å"Hello, Sirius,† said Harry when they had reached him. The black dog sniffed Harry's bag eagerly, wagged its tail once, then turned and began to trot away from them across the scrubby patch of ground that rose to meet the rocky foot of the mountain. Harry, Ron, and Hermione climbed over the stile and followed. Sirius led them to the very foot of the mountain, where the ground was covered with boulders and rocks. It was easy for him, with his four paws, but Harry, Ron, and Hermione were soon out of breath. They followed Sirius higher, up onto the mountain itself. For nearly half an hour they climbed a steep, winding, and stony path, following Sirius's wagging tail, sweating in the sun, the shoulder straps of Harry's bag cutting into his shoulders. Then, at last, Sirius slipped out of sight, and when they reached the place where he had vanished, they saw a narrow fissure in the rock. They squeezed into it and found themselves in a cool, dimly lit cave. Tethered at the end of it, one end of his rope around a large rock, was Buckbeak the hippogriff. Half gray horse, half giant eagle, Buckbeak's fierce orange eye flashed at the sight of them. All three of them bowed low to him, and after regarding them imperiously for a moment, Buckbeak bent his scaly front knees and allowed Hermione to rush forward and stroke his feathery neck. Harry, however, was looking at the black dog, which had just turned into his godfather. Sirius was wearing ragged gray robes; the same ones he had been wearing when he had left Azkaban. His black hair was longer than it had been when he had appeared in the fire, and it was untidy and matted once more. He looked very thin. â€Å"Chicken!† he said hoarsely after removing the old Daily Prophets from his mouth and throwing them down onto the cave floor. Harry pulled open his bag and handed over the bundle of chicken legs and bread. â€Å"Thanks,† said Sirius, opening it, grabbing a drumstick, sitting down on the cave floor, and tearing off a large chunk with his teeth. â€Å"I've been living off rats mostly. Can't steal too much food from Hogsmeade; I'd draw attention to myself.† He grinned up at Harry, but Harry returned the grin only reluctantly. â€Å"What're you doing here, Sirius?† he said. â€Å"Fulfilling my duty as godfather,† said Sirius, gnawing on the chicken bone in a very doglike way. â€Å"Don't worry about it, I'm pretending to be a lovable stray.† He was still grinning, but seeing the anxiety in Harry's face, said more seriously, â€Å"I want to be on the spot. Your last letter†¦well, let's just say things are getting fishier. I've been stealing the paper every time someone throws one out, and by the looks of things, I'm not the only one who's getting worried.† He nodded at the yellowing Daily Prophets on the cave floor, and Ron picked them up and unfolded them. Harry, however, continued to stare at Sirius. â€Å"What if they catch you? What if you're seen?† â€Å"You three and Dumbledore are the only ones around here who know I'm an Animagus,† said Sirius, shrugging, and continuing to devour the chicken leg. Ron nudged Harry and passed him the Daily Prophets. There were two: The first bore the headline Mystery Illness of Bartemius Crouch, the second, Ministry Witch Still Missing – Minister of Magic Now Personally Involved. Harry scanned the story about Crouch. Phrases jumped out at him: hasn't been seen in public since November†¦house appears deserted†¦St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries decline comment†¦Ministry refuses to confirm rumors of critical illness†¦. â€Å"They're making it sound like he's dying,† said Harry slowly. â€Å"But he can't be that ill if he managed to get up here†¦.† â€Å"My brothers Crouch's personal assistant,† Ron informed Sirius. â€Å"He says Crouch is suffering from overwork.† â€Å"Mind you, he did look ill, last time I saw him up close,† said Harry slowly, still reading the story. â€Å"The night my name came out of the goblet†¦.† â€Å"Getting his comeuppance for sacking Winky, isn't he?† said Hermione, an edge to her voice. She was stroking Buckbeak, who was crunching up Sirius's chicken bones. â€Å"I bet he wishes he hadn't done it now – bet he feels the difference now she's not there to look after him.† â€Å"Hermione's obsessed with house-elfs,† Ron muttered to Sirius, casting Hermione a dark look. Sirius, however, looked interested. â€Å"Crouch sacked his house-elf?† â€Å"Yeah, at the Quidditch World Cup,† said Harry, and he launched into the story of the Dark Mark's appearance, and Winky being found with Harry's wand clutched in her hand, and Mr. Crouch's fury. When Harry had finished, Sirius was on his feet again and had started pacing up and down the cave. â€Å"Let me get this straight,† he said after a while, brandishing a fresh chicken leg. â€Å"You first saw the elfin the Top Box. She was saving Crouch a seat, right?† â€Å"Right,† said Harry, Ron, and Hermione together. â€Å"But Crouch didn't turn up for the match?† â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"I think he said he'd been too busy.† Sirius paced all around the cave in silence. Then he said, â€Å"Harry, did you check your pockets for your wand after you'd left the Top Box?† â€Å"Erm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry thought hard. â€Å"No,† he said finally. â€Å"I didn't need to use it before we got in the forest. And then I put my hand in my pocket, and all that was in there were my Omnioculars.† He stared at Sirius. â€Å"Are you saying whoever conjured the Mark stole my wand in the Top Box?† â€Å"It's possible,† said Sirius. â€Å"Winky didn't steal that wand!† Hermione insisted. â€Å"The elf wasn't the only one in that box,† said Sirius, his brow furrowed as he continued to pace. â€Å"Who else was sitting behind you?† â€Å"Loads of people,† said Harry. â€Å"Some Bulgarian ministers†¦Cornelius Fudge†¦the Malfoys†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The Malfoys!† said Ron suddenly, so loudly that his voice echoed all around the cave, and Buckbeak tossed his head nervously. â€Å"I bet it was Lucius Malfoy!† â€Å"Anyone else?† said Sirius. â€Å"No one,† said Harry. â€Å"Yes, there was, there was Ludo Bagman,† Hermione reminded him. â€Å"Oh yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I don't know anything about Bagman except that he used to be Beater for the Wimbourne Wasps,† said Sirius, still pacing. â€Å"What's he like?† â€Å"He's okay,† said Harry. â€Å"He keeps offering to help me with the Triwizard Tournament.† â€Å"Does he, now?† said Sirius, frowning more deeply. â€Å"I wonder why he'd do that?† â€Å"Says he's taken a liking to me,† said Harry. â€Å"Hmm,† said Sirius, looking thoughtful. â€Å"We saw him in the forest just before the Dark Mark appeared,† Hermione told Sirius. â€Å"Remember?† she said to Harry and Ron. â€Å"Yeah, but he didn't stay in the forest, did he?† said Ron. â€Å"The moment we told him about the riot, he went off to the campsite.† â€Å"How d'you know?† Hermione shot back. â€Å"How d'you know where he Disapparated to?† â€Å"Come off it,† said Ron incredulously. â€Å"Are you saying you reckon Ludo Bagman conjured the Dark Mark?† â€Å"It's more likely he did it than Winky,† said Hermione stubbornly. â€Å"Told you,† said Ron, looking meaningfully at Sirius, â€Å"told you she's obsessed with house -â€Å" But Sirius held up a hand to silence Ron. â€Å"When the Dark Mark had been conjured, and the elf had been discovered holding Harry's wand, what did Crouch do?† â€Å"Went to look in the bushes,† said Harry, â€Å"but there wasn't anyone else there.† â€Å"Of course,† Sirius muttered, pacing up and down, â€Å"of course, he'd want to pin it on anyone but his own elf†¦and then he sacked her?† â€Å"Yes,† said Hermione in a heated voice, â€Å"he sacked her, just because she hadn't stayed in her tent and let herself get trampled -â€Å" â€Å"Hermione, will you give it a rest with the elf!† said Ron. Sirius shook his head and said, â€Å"She's got the measure of Crouch better than you have, Ron. If you want to know what a mans like, take a good look at how he treats his inferiors, not his equals.† He ran a hand over his unshaven face, evidently thinking hard. â€Å"All these absences of Barty Crouch's†¦he goes to the trouble of making sure his house-elf saves him a seat at the Quidditch World Cup, but doesn't bother to turn up and watch. He works very hard to reinstate the Triwizard Tournament, and then stops coming to that too†¦.It's not like Crouch. If he's ever taken a day off work because of illness before this, I'll eat Buckbeak.† â€Å"D'you know Crouch, then?† said Harry. Sirius's face darkened. He suddenly looked as menacing as he had the night when Harry first met him, the night when Harry still believed Sirius to be a murderer. â€Å"Oh I know Crouch all right,† he said quietly. â€Å"He was the one who gave the order for me to be sent to Azkaban – without a trial.† â€Å"What?† said Ron and Hermione together. â€Å"You're kidding!† said Harry. â€Å"No, I'm not,† said Sirius, taking another great bite of chicken. â€Å"Crouch used to be Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, didn't you know?† Harry, Ron, and Hermione shook their heads. â€Å"He was tipped for the next Minister of Magic,† said Sirius. â€Å"He's a great wizard, Barty Crouch, powerfully magical – and power-hungry. Oh never a Voldemort supporter,† he said, reading the look on Harry's face. â€Å"No, Barty Crouch was always very outspoken against the Dark Side. But then a lot of people who were against the Dark Side†¦well, you wouldn't understand†¦you're too young†¦.† â€Å"That's what my dad said at the World Cup,† said Ron, with a trace of irritation in his voice. â€Å"Try us, why don't you?† A grin flashed across Sirius's thin face. â€Å"All right, I'll try you†¦.† He walked once up the cave, back again, and then said, â€Å"Imagine that Voldemort's powerful now. You don't know who his supporters are, you don't know who's working for him and who isn't; you know he can control people so that they do terrible things without being able to stop themselves. You're scared for yourself, and your family, and your friends. Every week, news comes of more deaths, more disappearances, more torturing†¦the Ministry of Magic's in disarray, they don't know what to do, they're trying to keep everything hidden from the Muggles, but meanwhile, Muggles are dying too. Terror everywhere†¦panic†¦confusion†¦that's how it used to be. â€Å"Well, times like that bring out the best in some people and the worst in others. Crouch's principles might've been good in the beginning – I wouldn't know. He rose quickly through the Ministry, and he started ordering very harsh measures against Voldemort's supporters. The Aurors were given new powers – powers to kill rather than capture, for instance. And I wasn't the only one who was handed straight to the dementors without trial. Crouch fought violence with violence, and authorized the use of the Unforgivable Curses against suspects. I would say he became as ruthless and cruel as many on the Dark Side. He had his supporters, mind you – plenty of people thought he was going about things the right way, and there were a lot of witches and wizards clamoring for him to take over as Minister of Magic. When Voldemort disappeared, it looked like only a matter of time until Crouch got the top job. But then something rather unfortunate happened†¦.† Sir ius smiled grimly. â€Å"Crouch's own son was caught with a group of Death Eaters who'd managed to talk their way out of Azkaban. Apparently they were trying to find Voldemort and return him to power.† â€Å"Crouch's son was caught?† gasped Hermione. â€Å"Yep,† said Sirius, throwing his chicken bone to Buckbeak, flinging himself back down on the ground beside the loaf of bread, and tearing it in half. â€Å"Nasty little shock for old Barty, I'd I magine. Should have spent a bit more time at home with his family, shouldn't he? Ought to have left the office early once in a while†¦gotten to know his own son.† He began to wolf down large pieces of bread. â€Å"Was his son a Death Eater?† said Harry. â€Å"No idea,† said Sirius, still stuffing down bread. â€Å"I was in Azkaban myself when he was brought in. This is mostly stuff I've found out since I got out. The boy was definitely caught in the company of people I'd bet my life were Death Eaters – but he might have been in the wrong place at the wrong time, just like the house-elf.† â€Å"Did Crouch try and get his son off?† Hermione whispered. Sirius let out a laugh that was much more like a bark. â€Å"Crouch let his son off? I thought you had the measure of him, Hermione! Anything that threatened to tarnish his reputation had to go; he had dedicated his whole life to becoming Minister of Magic. You saw him dismiss a devoted house-elf because she associated him with the Dark Mark again – doesn't that tell you what he's like? Crouch's fatherly affection stretched just far enough to give his son a trial, and by all accounts, it wasn't much more than an excuse for Crouch to show how much he hated the boy†¦then he sent him straight to Azkaban.† â€Å"He gave his own son to the dementors?† asked Harry quietly. â€Å"That's right,† said Sirius, and he didn't look remotely amused now. â€Å"I saw the dementors bringing him in, watched them through the bars in my cell door. He can't have been more than nineteen. They took him into a cell near mine. He was screaming for his mother by nightfall. He went quiet after a few days, though†¦they all went quiet in the end†¦except when they shrieked in their sleep†¦.† For a moment, the deadened look in Sirius's eyes became more pronounced than ever, as though shutters had closed behind them. â€Å"So he's still in Azkaban?† Harry said. â€Å"No,† said Sirius dully. â€Å"No, he's not in there anymore. He died about a year after they brought him in.† â€Å"He died?† â€Å"He wasn't the only one,† said Sirius bitterly. â€Å"Most go mad in there, and plenty stop eating in the end. They lose the will to live. You could always tell when a death was coming, because the dementors could sense it, they got excited. That boy looked pretty sickly when he arrived. Crouch being an important Ministry member, he and his wife were allowed a deathbed visit. That was the last time I saw Barty Crouch, half carrying his wife past my cell. She died herself, apparently, shortly afterward. Grief. Wasted away just like the boy. Crouch never came for his son's body. The dementors buried him outside the fortress; I watched them do it.† Sirius threw aside the bread he had just lifted to his mouth and instead picked up the flask of pumpkin juice and drained it. â€Å"So old Crouch lost it all, just when he thought he had it made,† he continued, wiping his mouth with the back of his hand. â€Å"One moment, a hero, poised to become Minister of Magic†¦next, his son dead, his wife dead, the family name dishonored, and, so I've heard since I escaped, a big drop in popularity. Once the boy had died, people started feeling a bit more sympathetic toward the son and started asking how a nice young lad from a good family had gone so badly astray. The conclusion was that his father never cared much for him. So Cornelius Fudge got the top job, and Crouch was shunted sideways into the Department of International Magical Cooperation.† There was a long silence. Harry was thinking of the way Crouch's eyes had bulged as he'd looked down at his disobedient house-elf back in the wood at the Quidditch World Cup. This, then, must have been why Crouch had overreacted to Winky being found beneath the Dark Mark. It had brought back memories of his son, and the old scandal, and his fall from grace at the Ministry. â€Å"Moody says Crouch is obsessed with catching Dark wizards,† Harry told Sirius. â€Å"Yeah, I've heard it's become a bit of a mania with him,† said Sirius, nodding. â€Å"If you ask me, he still thinks he can bring back the old popularity by catching one more Death Eater.† â€Å"And he sneaked up here to search Snape's office!† said Ron triumphantly, looking at Hermione. â€Å"Yes, and that doesn't make sense at all,† said Sirius. â€Å"Yeah, it does!† said Ron excitedly, but Sirius shook his head. â€Å"Listen, if Crouch wants to investigate Snape, why hasn't he been coming to judge the tournament? It would be an ideal excuse to make regular visits to Hogwarts and keep an eye on him.† â€Å"So you think Snape could be up to something, then?† asked Harry, but Hermione broke in. â€Å"Look, I don't care what you say, Dumbledore trusts Snape -â€Å" â€Å"Oh give it a rest, Hermione,† said Ron impatiently. â€Å"I know Dumbledores brilliant and everything, but that doesn't mean a really clever Dark wizard couldn't fool him -â€Å" â€Å"Why did Snape save Harry's life in the first year, then? Why didn't he just let him die?† â€Å"I dunno – maybe he thought Dumbledore would kick him out-â€Å" â€Å"What d'you think, Sirius?† Harry said loudly, and Ron and Hermione stopped bickering to listen. â€Å"I think they've both got a point,† said Sirius, looking thoughtfully at Ron and Hermione. â€Å"Ever since I found out Snape was teaching here, I've wondered why Dumbledore hired him. Snape's always been fascinated by the Dark Arts, he was famous for it at school. Slimy, oily, greasy-haired kid, he was,† Sirius added, and Harry and Ron grinned at each other. â€Å"Snape knew more curses when he arrived at school than half the kids in seventh year, and he was part of a gang of Slytherins who nearly all turned out to be Death Eaters.† Sirius held up his fingers and began ticking off names. â€Å"Rosier and Wilkes – they were both killed by Aurors the year before Voldemort fell. The Lestranges – they're a married couple – they're in Azkaban. Avery – from what I've heard he wormed his way out of trouble by saying he'd been acting under the Imperius Curse – he's still at large. But as far as I know, Snape was never even accused of being a Death Eater – not that that means much. Plenty of them were never caught. And Snape's certainly clever and cunning enough to keep himself out of trouble.† â€Å"Snape knows Karkaroff pretty well, but he wants to keep that quiet,† said Ron. â€Å"Yeah, you should've seen Snape's face when Karkaroff turned up in Potions yesterday!† said Harry quickly. â€Å"Karkaroff wanted to talk to Snape, he says Snape's been avoiding him. Karkaroff looked really worried. He showed Snape something on his arm, but I couldn't see what it was.† He showed Snape something on his arm?† said Sirius, looking frankly bewildered. He ran his fingers distractedly through his filthy hair, then shrugged again. â€Å"Well, I've no idea what that's about†¦but if Karkaroff's genuinely worried, and he's going to Snape for answers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sirius stared at the cave wall, then made a grimace of frustration. â€Å"There's still the fact that Dumbledore trusts Snape, and I know Dumbledore trusts where a lot of other people wouldn't, but I just can't see him letting Snape teach at Hogwarts if he'd ever worked for Voldemort.† â€Å"Why are Moody and Crouch so keen to get into Snape's office then?† said Ron stubbornly. â€Å"Well,† said Sirius slowly, â€Å"I wouldn't put it past Mad-Eye to have searched every single teacher's office when he got to Hogwarts. He takes his Defense Against the Dark Arts seriously, Moody. I'm not sure he trusts anyone at all, and after the things he's seen, it's not surprising. I'll say this for Moody, though, he never killed if he could help it. Always brought people in alive where possible. He was tough, but he never descended to the level of the Death Eaters. Crouch, though†¦he's a different matter†¦is he really ill? If he is, why did he make the effort to drag himself up to Snape's office? And if he's not†¦what's he up to? What was he doing at the World Cup that was so important he didn't turn up in the Top Box? What's he been doing while he should have been judging the tournament?† Sirius lapsed into silence, still staring at the cave wall. Buckbeak was ferreting around on the rocky floor, looking for bones he might have overlooked. Finally, Sirius looked up at Ron. â€Å"You say your brother's Crouch's personal assistant? Any chance you could ask him if he's seen Crouch lately?† â€Å"I can try,† said Ron doubtfully. â€Å"Better not make it sound like I reckon Crouch is up to anything dodgy, though. Percy loves Crouch.† â€Å"And you might try and find out whether they've got any leads on Bertha Jorkins while you're at it,† said Sirius, gesturing to the second copy of the Daily Prophet. â€Å"Bagman told me they hadn't,† said Harry. â€Å"Yes, he's quoted in the article in there,† said Sirius, nodding at the paper. â€Å"Blustering on about how bad Bertha's memory is. Well, maybe she's changed since I knew her, but the Bertha I knew wasn't forgetful at all – quite the reverse. She was a bit dim, but she had an excellent memory for gossip. It used to get her into a lot of trouble; she never knew when to keep her mouth shut. I can see her being a bit of a liability at the Ministry of Magic†¦maybe that's why Bagman didn't bother to look for her for so long†¦.† Sirius heaved an enormous sigh and rubbed his shadowed eyes. â€Å"What's the time?† Harry checked his watch, then remembered it hadn't been working since it had spent over an hour in the lake. â€Å"It's half past three,† said Hermione. â€Å"You'd better get back to school,† Sirius said, getting to his feet. â€Å"Now listen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked particularly hard at Harry. â€Å"I don't want you lot sneaking out of school to see me, all right? Just send notes to me here. I still want to hear about anything odd. But you're not to go leaving Hogwarts without permission; it would be an ideal opportunity for someone to attack you.† â€Å"No one's tried to attack me so far, except a dragon and a couple of grindylows,† Harry said, but Sirius scowled at him. â€Å"I don't care†¦I'll breathe freely again when this tournament's over, and that's not until June. And don't forget, if you're talking about me among yourselves, call me Snuffles, okay?† He handed Harry the empty napkin and flask and went to pat Buckbeak good-bye. â€Å"I'll walk to the edge of the village with you,† said Sirius, â€Å"see if I can scrounge another paper.† He transformed into the great black dog before they left the cave, and they walked back down the mountainside with him, across the boulder-strewn ground, and back to the stile. Here he allowed each of them to pat him on the head, before turning and setting off at a run around the outskirts of the village. Harry, Ron, and Hermione made their way back into Hogsmeade and up toward Hogwarts. â€Å"Wonder if Percy knows all that stuff about Crouch?† Ron said as they walked up the drive to the castle. â€Å"But maybe he doesn't care†¦It'd probably just make him admire Crouch even more. Yeah, Percy loves rules. He'd just say Crouch was refusing to break them for his own son.† â€Å"Percy would never throw any of his family to the dementors,† said Hermione severely. â€Å"I don't know,† said Ron. â€Å"If he thought we were standing in the way of his career†¦Percy's really ambitious, you know†¦.† They walked up the stone steps into the entrance hall, where the delicious smells of dinner wafted toward them from the Great Hall. â€Å"Poor old Snuffles,† said Ron, breathing deeply. â€Å"He must really like you. Harry†¦.Imagine having to live off rats.†

Political factors affecting business Essay

Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every apect of their working. Some political factors includeisPOLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future. POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS Monitoring, understanding, and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any business, because it significantly affects every aspect of their working. Some political factors include †¢Stability of the government †¢Government type- monarchy, democracy, theocracy, etc. †¢Economic policy of the government †¢Trade policy †¢Diplomatic events in surrounding countries Furthermore, political context can change for the foreseeable future.

Literary Response 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Response 2 - Essay Example Hence, Twain becomes nostalgic when he visits the river after ages. For the young boys who lived along the Mississippi River during the early 1800’s, the steam boatman was regarded as the ultimate hero. All the young boys had secret desires to be a strong steam boatman who wades across the river in the boat, battling the rough waves of the Mississippi. Twain recalls how, the steam boatman generated a considerable amount of envy from young boys with his talks. The way they described the streets of 'St. Looy' in a casual manner, so that even the boys who had been to St. Louis once felt that their days of glory were over. The conversations would be loaded with the technical jargons of the steam boat and would create awe among Twain and his friends. The way the steam boatman carried the rusty bolt to scrub the boat so that the young boys could 'see him, envy him and loathe him' (Twain, 1917, page no. 35). As much as they hated the sight of the steam boatman being popular, they all nursed the secret ambition of being someone like him so that they also could be the object of envy.

Emotional and Physical Symptoms of Depression during Pregnancy And Essay

Emotional and Physical Symptoms of Depression during Pregnancy And Different Ways of Treatment 2 - Essay Example In one year, it would be possible to have a favorable sample size. The responsibility of the nurses handling antenatal care is critical in the research, because they would be in charge of patient enrollment and diagnostic procedures. Pregnant women that meet the criterion described in the DSM manual of depression would form the eligible group. Moreover, the research would also consider the treatment strategies used to address the cases, and eventually compare the effectiveness of the strategies. On larger scale, the research would involve the collection of data from different health centers (Kothari, 2005).   After identifying the different treatment strategies used to treat pregnant mothers that suffer depression, a qualitative research on the efficiency of each would follow (p. 56). This would mean that different patients would receive different therapies, and a close monitoring of each would follow. In a bid to determine the most effective strategy, the research would consider the time taken by patients to heal, and aspects of their emotional health after the depression. This research would produce evidence-based results on the most effective treatment. It is important to determine the prevalence of emotional depression during pregnancy. Therefore, the number of patients presenting symptoms in different health centers would be considered for a period of one year. Statistical analysis of the data obtained would help in determining the prevalence of depression in pregnancy. Evidently, the selection of an effective methodology is one of the critical aspects of consideration prior to carrying any research. The selected methodology selected determines the data collected, and hence the findings. As highlighted above, there are different facets of this research, necessitating both quantitative and qualitative researchers. This will help in determining the physical and emotional symptoms of depression in pregnant women. Moreover, the above

North American Civilization Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

North American Civilization Paper - Essay Example No attempts were made to immigrate to Antarctica so the migration essentially stopped there. The enormity of the landscape allowed two distinct sources of food delivery to evolve: maintenance of hunter-gatherer societies in nomadic formations and agricultural societies tying themselves to distinct geographical enclaves. The book contends the population to be 5-10 million but other sources place the number between 2-7 million. Agriculture increased the complexity of the societies that developed in the various areas of continent. Men tended to wield more power and influence in the hunter societies while the women of the tribes started to come into their own in the agricultural societies. The increased complexity of the societal fabric tended to bring more power to the women of the tribes. The relative scarcity of arable land or diminished animal populations for consumption tended to dictate the type of civilizations that would arise around the provision of foodstuffs. They tended to va ry in shape and complexity. While the Pueblos tended to an increasingly sophisticated agricultural society, the Iroquois all the way on the other side of the continent erected an equally sophisticated culture of their own. The availability of edible wildlife tended to dictate the societal formations that emerged. Davidson et al asserts that nearly 70 Pueblo villages flourished by 1540, a little more than a generation before the Gutierrez map was published. The variations in living and cultural differences between the tribes were as large as the continent was wide. A vast panoply of climates, topography and variations in water systems made a huge tapestry of different lifestyles and tribal constructs apparent. The division and sheer variety of tribal affiliations, lifestyles and resistance to unity made the aboriginal tribes in North America especially vulnerable to the depredations that would be visited on them in the coming decades and centuries. Internecine and centuries old triba l feuds and warfare made it almost impossible to prevent the European tidal wave that was coming. The authors make short shrift of the massive internecine conflict that had embroiled the continent for centuries between different tribes. â€Å"On the Western Plains, pre?Columbian warfare—before the introduction of horses and guns—pitted tribes against one another for control of territory and its resources, as well as for captives and honor. Indian forces marched on foot to attack rival tribes who sometimes resided in palisaded villages.† In the eastern woodlands, â€Å"mourning wars† would take place where tribes would fight each other. It is sad to say that the tribal rivalries were a serious impediment to offering a united front against the European invasion on its way. Soon enough, as the eighteenth century emerged more than two hundred years after Gutierrez’ map made its debut, a European march westward marking the ultimate destruction of the ab original tribes of America began to gain steam and the North American Indian tribes’

Criminal Law. Problem Question. R v Danny Johnson Essay

Criminal Law. Problem Question. R v Danny Johnson - Essay Example The burden of prove lies on the shoulder of the defendant concerning cause of death of the victim. Here, mentioned points are worth consideration: a) whether the defendant responsible for the victim's death b) can he be caught in accordance with law c) whether the victim’s death cause of inflicted injury or some other intervening act d) whether the victim receive proper medical treatment e) whether the attempted escape of defendant cause victim’s death. In this respect we may cite here the case of R v White [1910] 2 KB 124. The defendant diluted poison in his mother’s glass but she died due to heart failure. The cause of death was heart failure and not the intake of the poisonous drink. He was tried and convicted of attempted murder2. In another case of R v Smith [1959] 2 QB 35, it was held that the defendant's operating and substantial cause of death is the cause in Law. There are circumstances wherein the intervening acts of the defendant attributes to the caus e of death of a victim. As per law, defendant cannot be accountable provided the victim died due to the acts of other’s misdeed. It does not mean that in every case of intervening acts that cause the death of a victim, defendant will be absolved from its liability. Following grounds can be considered to get hold of the defendant causing death of a person: a) if the death caused to multiple reasons wherein the defendant’s role was operating and substantial, he / she will be liable for punishment under the law. Let us examine the case of R v Malcherek (1981) 73 Cr App R 173. Wherein the woman had received fatal injuries for which she had to place on the life supporting machine. Taking into account the clinical death and found no hope of recovery, doctors decided to disconnect the life supporting machine that caused her to death within half an hour. The defendant charged with attempted murder, tried and awarded death sentence. He subsequently went on to appeal against the judgment of the trial court to the Court of Appeal on the plea that the doctors had broken the cycle of life by deliberately switching off the life supporting machine. The plea was dismissed. It was held by the Court of Appeal that since the operating and substantial factors involved that cause the death of wounded woman which was initially inflicted upon by the defendant. The court was of the view that since the role of life supporting machine was confined to keep the injuries in suspension, therefore, as soon as the machine went off the original wounds came on the surface causing death of wounded woman3. Apart from the above, the badly wounded person may succumb to injuries as a natural consequence of the defendant acts. In the mentioned scenario the defendant got hold of death. Suppose a person is attacked and left in the lurch on the road side. The attacker will be liable for punishment if the wounded person dies of oozing out blood, for infectious wounds of him, run over by th e speedy vehicle. The other way round, defendant would not be accountable provided he / she killed by another murderer or killed under the debris of a collapsible building due to hell of a tremor. Nonetheless where Human intervention meant for self-preservation / in execution of a legal duty does not hamper the chain of cause of incident. Study of the case of R v Paget (1983) 76 Cr App R 279

Equiano and Pontiac Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Equiano and Pontiac - Essay Example While the author seems to admit helplessness in dealing with the slavery, the impression created is the slavery of separation between slaves. In other words, even though slavery was the order of the day, Equiano’s bitterness is on the incarceration the slaves have to endure. In this regard, the aspect of the write could be seen as one that embraces slavery but fights against separation. The above conclusions have been as a result of the tone, language and the words used in the lamentations by the writer. For instance, the statement, â€Å"must every tender feeling be sacrificed to your avarice† is intended to show that even slaves had their ambitions which sadly had to be sacrificed to please the masters. Further, the writer laments that slaves are denied the chance to hobnob wherever they are. Therefore, usage of these statements and words show the aspect from which the writer is speaking. Evidently, Neolin’s criticism in regard toward slavery is the tendency by the Indians to seize the resources of other nations. With strong language and seemingly preparedness, the writer is adamant that the Indians are focused on impoverishing others by forcefully seizing resources. Additionally, the writer is very vehement in criticizing the action by the said group to dictate what kind of food the locals ought to consume. Finally, there is strong element in the purchase of weapons from the Indians by the locals. The writer creates the impression that even without the group’s help, the local people would still live normally courtesy of their religious belief in God. While both writers agree on the needlessness of slavery, the difference is in addressing their slave masters. While Equiano takes an approach that could be described as a rebuke, Pontiac seems to be prepared to fight them. Additionally, Equiano chooses to rebuke the oppressors using their own faith unlike Pontiac who uses his belief. Moreover, Pntiac goes a

Business Law and ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law and ethics - Assignment Example Carbon emissions are dangerous and therefore undesirable in the country. Companies that put this factor into consideration set de facto standards and, therefore, have a competitive advantage. The paper will examine how the effects of climate change on automobile  will affect their overall performance in the  industry. This may call for adoption of new technology that is both low cost and will ensure high quality of products. Carbon constraints determine the convectional value drivers within the industry that will significantly create challenges for senior managers. Carbon constraints interact well with established efforts to improve fuel economy that will eventually drive prices up. This implies that climate change will have differential impacts on company’s financial performance by creating a distinction between those companies that will ultimately be exposed to these risks. The traditional business model, which is based on tradition measures of demand and supply that affect tangible measures like sales volume, pricing, margins and profitability, and intangible measures like brand recognition, innovation and quality, will be affected. Management’s concern will be  to conduct business operations with  alignment of strategic missions in a world faced with declining profits, tighter policies and shorter product life spans. Companies will be forced to adopt a carbon-friendly technology to reduce carbon emissions as this will  have the potential to alter long-term competitive balance within the industry. However, the biggest challenge is to determine which technologies will be accepted by the markets standards. An example of technology utilized in the automotive industry is the incremental technology which will offer opportunities for the fuel economy. Companies will also be forced to adopt a merger strategy of partnering will others which an ai m of reducing costs. New entrants into the market will face high overhead costs compared to those already in

Feudalism and Manorialism Essay Example for Free

Feudalism and Manorialism Essay Feudalism and manorialism were very linked. They go together step by step in the Middle Ages. Feudalism concerned the rights, power, and lifestyle of the military elite: manorialism involved the service and obligations of the peasant classes. Word feudalism was invented in the 17 century by Montesquieu and popularized it in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In the late eighteenth century people said that feudalism is the privileges of the aristocratic nobility, privileges that provoked the wrath of the bourgeoisie ((McKay, A History of Western Society 259). Later Karl Marx adopted it to other meaning. He thought that feudalism was precapitalistic society. Now people think that feudalism was social and political system held together by bonds of kingship, homage, and fealty and by grants of benefits lands or estates given by king, lay lord, or ecclesiastical officer (bishop or abbot) to another member of the nobility or to a knight. (McKay, A History of Western Society 270.) However it arent all meanings of feudalism. Bloch thought that it is a whole system of life centered on lordship. Feudalism was a military society. Men dominated in it. However women was not so significant. Feudalism had military society. Manorialism involved the service and obligation of the peasant classes. The economic power of the warring class rested on landed estates, which were worked by peasants (McKay, A History of Western Society 261). Here we can say that feudalism and manorialism is connected to each other. Nothing in our world is made for nothing. People need something to return for their service. In manorialism was the same. Peasants needed protection, and lords asked them to surrender themselves and their lands to the lords jurisdiction. Peasants were ties to the land by various kinds of payments and service, despite of freedom of land. The peasant had to pay fee to marry someone from outside. They had to give percent of their crop to the lords. They also paid fine. Soon peasants became part of lords possession. Of course the transition from freedom to serfdom was slow and its speed was closely related to the political life in a given part of country. Hence feudalism and manorialism were inextricably linked.

Study of Humanitarian Aid Agencies Service Delivery

Study of Humanitarian Aid Agencies Service Delivery CHRISTINA KHOURY Stuck in no mans land:people of nowhere are people of now here A study of humanitarian aid agencies service delivery to residents in Kara Tepe refugee camp in Lesvos. DR Disaster Relief EASO European Asylum Support Office EU European Union FMO Forced Migration Online HA Humanitarian Assistance HSA Humanitarian Support Agency IDPs Internally displaced persons IOM International Organisation for Migration IOs International Organisations IRC International Rescue Committee MSF Mà ©decins Sans Frontiers NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations RCRC International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ROs Regional Organisations UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees   Ã‚   Since the twentieth century, the migration of refugees has been a significant and constant feature of the world order. There has been several factors causing its occurrence, including international wars, civil wars, the rise of fascism, decolonization, national liberation struggles and the creation of nation states (Bloch, 2002, p.1). During 1914-1918 World War I, millions of people were left homeless, fleeing their homelands to seek refuge, and the international community and governments responded by providing travel documents to those people who were the first refugees of the twentieth century (1951 UN Convention). However the flow of refugees did not stop there, but the numbers drastically increased after World War II (1939-1945), when millions were forced to resettle, be displaced or were deported (Guterres, 2011). While the refugee crisis is a phenomenon that has been around for many years, the ongoing conflicts in Syria, Iraq, Somalia, Afghanistan and other troubled countries have resulted in an unprecedented number of 65.3 million people around the world forcibly displaced from their homes. Among them are 21.3 million registered as refugees under UNHCR and UNWRA mandates, over half of whom are children (under 18 years old) (UNHCR, 2016a). Syrians make up, without a doubt, the largest refugee population in the world. The Syria conflict alone, known to be the biggest humanitarian and refugee crisis of our time (UN High Commissioner for Refugees in UNHCR, 2016b), has spawned 4.8 million refugees in neighbouring countries (predominantly Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan), hundreds of thousands in Europe and 6,6 million displaced inside Syria (Mercy Corps, 2016; UNHCR, March 2016). Figure 1: The increase of registered Syrian Refugees from almost zero in 2012 to 4.8 million in 2016 (source: UNHCR, 2016 Which UNHCR article? You need to specify) According to Amnesty Internationals assessment of October 2016, more than half of the worlds 21 million refugees are hosted in just ten low and middle-income countries in the Middle East, Africa and Asia.[1] Europe, however, hosts a share of 6% of the worlds refugee population (Check percentage of refugees in Europe in 2016, add source). In 2015, over a million refugees and migrants made it to Europe by sea, with a majority arriving via the Aegean Sea from Turkey into Greece (UNHCR, 2015). Responding to the massive influx of refugees, several international humanitarian aid agencies established themselves on the Greek Islands to meet the pressing needs of the novel refugee and migrant population. However, it has been widely debated whether these aid agencies are effective in their service delivery and whether they fulfill the tasks they have set out to do. Despite the allocation of millions of dollars of funds to guarantee a decent living standard for the refugees and migrants in the Greek camps, reports reveal dire conditions, with a lack of the most basic livelihoods, such as edible food, basic sanitation services and education (Strickland, 2016; ?). Deeply moved by the horrifying images of human suffering in these camps, I chose to travel to Greece to volunteer in Kara Tepe Camp in Lesvos in the summer of 2016 to i nvestigate the topic further. It is of great importance to examine the efficiency of these humanitarian aid agencies service delivery on the ground in order to build future humanitarian aid programs which adequately meet the needs of the vulnerable refugees and migrants in Lesvos. 1.1 Question and Motivation of Study This dissertation sets out to answer the following research questions: Primary question: To what extent are humanitarian service providing agencies operating in Kara Tepe camp managing to live up to their stated aims and guidelines? Secondary question: What are the obstacles to effective service delivery? This dissertation is a reflective research based on my time spent volunteering with a humanitarian aid organisation, Humanitarian Support Agency (HSA)[2], in a refugee camp in Lesvos, Greece over the course of summer from June to September 2016. However, the area of research of humanitarian assistance to refugees, sparked my interest already in 2011, when the flow of thousands of Syrian refugees began to Jordan, my home country, following Syrias descent into civil war. Jordan, a small yet strong Kingdom, surrounded by countries undergoing conflict, is a host of over 656,000 Syrian refugees (Amnesty International, 2016). Seeing the difficult suffering faced by the Syrian refugee population in my own region (Middle East) as well as in Europe strongly motivated me to gain a hands on experience of humanitarian aid work with refugees. Following, for my applied field experience[3], I chose to travel to Greece and join HSA as a volunteer in Kara Tepe camp in Lesvos; a refugee camp in the la rgest transit point in the East Mediterranean route, which is the first assistance site for refugees and migrants departing from Turkey to Europe (HSA, 2016). During my time volunteering in Kara Tepe, I had the opportunity to work closely with humanitarian aid agencies operating in the camp, gaining insights into their day-to-day provision of services to the residents. It also allowed me to speak to and get to know several of the camp residents refugees and migrants predominantly from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq who often expressed their concerns and hardships of life in Kara Tepe. In this dissertation, I aim to draw on this experience to investigate the humanitarian aid agencies services to refugees and migrants in Kara Tepe camp. More specifically, by comparing these aid agencies stated aims and guidelines to the real situation of refugees and migrants on the ground, I wish to examine where the agencies are failing at fulfilling their promises in providing adequate assistance to the camp residents. Furthermore, I aim to identify some of the apparent obstacles hindering these agencies effective service delivery. I do not intend to generalise my results regarding humanitarian aid agencies service delivery in refugee camps as it would require a more comprehensive material than what my study is based upon. My ambition is rather to attempt to highlight the humanitarian aid situation in Kara Tepe and voice out the concerns and needs of the residents, drawing on their living situation in the refugee camp. This study will be structured into five chapters. In chapter 2, I will give an overview of the living conditions of refugees and migrants in Greek camps. Here, I will also provide a set of definitions of the key terms adopted in this dissertation. In chapter 3, I will give a review of the existing literature on the humanitarian aid system. In this section, I will outline the theoretical foundations used in this study, including the UNHCR, IRC, Save the Children and HSAs stated aims and guidelines in relation to the factors of water, sanitation, education, food and health care. In chapter 4, I will draw on my first-hand experience in Kara Tepe in order to spot the gaps between the stated aims and guidelines of the aid agencies and the real situation on the ground, based on the stories and interviews with the residents. Furthermore, the analysis will identify some of the apparent obstacles hindering these agencies effective service delivery. Finally, I will conclude by giving a summary of the main findings and their implications, and the possibility of suggesting further research on the topic. 1.2 Methodology Material The choice of method for this dissertation is a mixed study between an autoethnography approach which is a form of qualitative research[4], based on primary qualitative data collection, and a case study using Kara Tepe Camp as the case, in addition to secondary research on academic articles in relation to the humanitarian aid system, UN reports and newspaper articles on the topic. Moreover, I will look at the guidelines, aims and goals of three main agencies operating in camp, namely UNHCR, IRC and Save the Children. The material I have used for my analysis is predominantly based on material gathered through the interviews I have conducted with different refugees from the camp. For their safety and integrity, I have decided to keep their names anonymous and have given them pseudonyms/alias. These interviews that I have conducted are valuable and have provided me with the useful information and insights that are necessary to establish an adequate answer to the question. Moreover, the analysis is also based on my own lived experience through working in Kara Tepe camp. 1.3 Limitations of study When researching the above questions a few limitations had to be considered. First, due to time and space restrains, I had to limit my data collection to the period of my stay in Greece between June and September 2016. The humanitarian assistance keeps developing in camp so there may be new improved services that did not exist back then, which would have been valuable to include in my research. Second, it has to be taken into consideration that the refugees interviewed are in a vulnerable position; hence they may not be able to fully reveal all truths for a public audience, and this is why for some questions, unfortunately, the answers were either very broad or unclearly answered, due to the sensitivity of the matter. Third, there are several possible factors to take into consideration when researching humanitarian assistance provided to refugees living in camps. However, due to space and time restraints, I have chosen to focus on three key humanitarian aid agencies and their service s in Kara Tepe camp, namely UNHCR, IRC and Save the Children. To be called a refugee is the opposite of an insult; it is a badge of strength, courage, and victoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Tennessee Office for Refugees) 2.1 Definitions of keywords In our current era, more than 65 million people worldwide are displaced by force as refugees, asylum seekers, or internally displaced persons. According to the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to be recognized legitimately as a refugee, a person must be fleeing persecution on the basis of religion, race, political opinion, nationalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. However, the present factors around displacement are complex and multi-layered which in turn makes the protection based on a strict definition of persecution increasingly problematic and very challenging to implement (Zetter, 2015). Between asylum seekers, refugees and economic migrants there is an overlap and this can cause confusion; therefore, it is very important to distinguish the difference between the terms, and which term applies on the people in the camps in Greece specifically in Kara Tepe Camp. Asylum seeker is: a person who has applied for asylum under the 1951 Refugee Convention on the Status of Refugees on the ground that if he is returned to his country of origin he has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, political belief or membership of a particular social group. He remains an asylum seeker for so long as his application or an appeal against refusal of his application is pending (Mitchell, 2006). Principally, asylum seekers flee in fear of persecution because of the reasons stated in the definition, so they seek refuge in another country looking for safety, and until their asylum process is ongoing they are called asylum seekers, but once it is processed and the approval is given then they are given a refugee status. In the literature on refugees, there have been many definitions of the term, but I found the following by the UNHCR to be the most inclusive. A refugee is someone who: owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Article 1, UN Convention, 1951). They also added that the term refugee can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ people fleeing conflict or persecution. They are defined and protected in international law, and must not be expelled or returned to situations where their life and freedom are at risk (UNHCR, 2016). But according to migration watch UK, they define a refugee as an asylum seeker whose application has been successful, i.e. that person fleeing war and conflict as defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention. The difference between asylum seeker and a refugee is very difficult to state as they are very similar. Basically, an asylum seeker is someone who is seeking international protection and is waiting for his refugee status, but a refugee is someone who is recognised under the 1951 Convention relating to the status of refugees to be eligible to be a refugee (Phillips, 2011, p.2). Last but not least, migrant, as defined by the UN Convention on the Rights of Migrants is a : person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national. Article 1.1 (a) states that migrants decision to move to these States is taken freely, because of personal convenience and without any external factor that might affect the decision (UNESCO, 2016).Thus, there has been a gap along the lines with the usage of the terminology, especially between the term refugee and asylum seeker. People who have crossed the Mediterranean by paying organised criminals (smugglers) to get them across the borders are known as irregular migrants, because they have not entered the EU legally (European Commission, 2016). Humanitarian aid system (add definition) Humanitarian aid system or humanitarian assistance is intended to save lives, alleviate suffering and maintain human dignity during and after manmade crises and disasters caused by natural hazards as well as to prevent and strengthen preparedness for when such situations occur (Global Humanitarian Assistance, 2016). Humanitarian assistance should be administered by the four key humanitarian principles which are: humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence; these key principles are the fundamental principles of many NGOs including the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (RCRC) (Global Humanitarian Assistance, 2016). Therefore, in the immediate area of conflict, the main goal is preventing human causalities but at the same time assisting displaced people and making sure they have access to the basic needs of survival which are water, sanitation, food, shelter, and health care (Branczik, 2004). 2.2 International and legal framework/ Humanitarian assistance and relief efforts add more info Humanitarian assistance is and has always been an extremely political activity. It always influenced the political economy of the recipient countries, and is influenced by the political considerations of donor governments (Curtis, 2001, p.3). The effect of conflict on civilians can be directly or indirectly through the so called complex emergencies. The primary aim in any immediate area of conflict is preventing causalities and making sure that everyone has access to the basic rights for surviving, which are water sanitation, food, shelter, and health care. In addition, the priority is usually to assist displaced people and try to prevent the spread of conflict, support relief work and create a space for rehabilitation (Branczik, 2004). Complex humanitarian emergencies are defined by five collective characteristics: first, the deterioration or complete collapse of central government authority; second, ethnic or religious conflict leading to human abuse; third, episodic food insecurity that leads to mass starvation; fourth, macroeconomic collapse that involves unemployment and decrease in GDP per capita; last and the most important focal characteristic is having mass population movements of displaced people and refugees that have escaped a conflict or in search for a better life (Natsios, 1995, p.405). Natsios stated that there are three sets of institutional actors that respond to the above emergencies in a so called complex response system that evolved over the years. These institutional actors are NGOs, UN organisations and the International Red Cross movement (Natsios, 1995, p.406). These sets of actors were reckoned in the 1990s; however in the 20th century, the academics understanding and the literature on the main actors have widened, and have included more detailed actors. For example, according to Branczik (2004), there are four main actors that represent the humanitarian aid sector: International (IOs) and Regional Organisations (ROs); the most important actor in the provision of humanitarian aid is the UN. Unilateral assistance, as well as multilateral, i.e. the countries provide direct aid unilaterally through their own foreign-aid or part of their foreign policy. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), which play a key role in the provision of humanitarian aid, either directly or as being a UN partner. The Military and its main role is to make sure to create a safe environment where other agencies can operate from, they can also directly provide aid when necessary in cases where the IOs and NGOs are unable to perform or deal with security issues, and it can act as a managing body for the humanitarian relief process. It is important to stress that in order to have a successful humanitarian relief effort, effective leadership and coordination should be present to avoid conflicting activities and duplications of projects and so forth. The UN is the agency that acts as the coordinator in most cases (Branczik, 2004). In addition to the UN, there are other non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that also respond to complex humanitarian emergencies and work together with the UN. The humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts (HA/DR) had faced a major challenge in terms of that the diverse information and knowledge are distributed and owned by different organisations, and are not efficiently organised and utilized during HA and DR operations (Zhang et. Al, 2002). Obstacle to the humanitarian aid agencies Moreover, there have been other factors that are defined as great challenges that have affected the performance of the humanitarian aid agencies, and two of those are efficiency and effectiveness. For example and according to Branczik (2004), if the assistance is needed in a conflict zone that is located in a poor area of infrastructure then it would be impossible and dangerous for the humanitarian agencies to deliver aid, this leads to some beneficiaries being neglected due to that (Branczik, 2004). Another important point is the increasing number of agencies operating on the ground, this causes the struggle to obtain accurate intelligence, and when it is difficult to obtain accurate intelligence, the unpredictability of humanitarian crises causes effective management and coordination within the agencies to become difficult, therefore, and in order to solve this difficulty, agencies should improve gathering and sharing the information by improving the management and coordination wit hin them (Branczik, 2004). Furthermore, political dilemmas play an important part in influencing the performance of humanitarian agencies. As Branczik (2004) and Stockton (2006) call it, humanitarian alibi, which refers to the fact that most humanitarian crises are caused by bad governance and the bad performance of the humanitarian agencies is also affected by deliberate acts by governments to frustrate humanitarian access to, and deny the existence of the people that are in need of protection. It is therefore defined as: the misuse of the humanitarian idea and humanitarian workers by governments eager to do as little as possible in economically unpromising regions (Branczik, 2004; Stockton, 2006). 2.3 Aims and guidelines of humanitarian aid agencies in Kara Tepe camp UNHCR Legal Framework The Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly was published in 1948 and is still used and relevant today as it was back then. The main reason for issuing it was to declare the rights and freedoms to which every human being is equally and inalienably entitled (UDHR, 1948, p. iii). UDHR is a promise to everyone and not country-specific or for a certain era or social group, it is a promise to all the economic, social, political, cultural and civic rights whatever colour, race, ethnicity they are, gender, whether they are disabled or not, citizens or migrants, and no matter what creed, age or sexual orientation (UDHR, 1948, p. v + vi). Abuse of Human Rights did not diminish when the UDHR was adopted, but at least more people have gained more freedom, and violations were not permitted. According to part 1 of article 14 of UDHR: 1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution, onwards the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was adopted and entered into force on 22 April 1954, and is now called the centrepiece of international refugee protection, and its amendment the 1967 Protocol which removed all geographic limitations to include everyone and make it universal (UN Convention, 1951, p. 2). Refugees are considered part of the most vulnerable people in the world; and for that reason, the UN has issued the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol to help protect them (Guterres, 2011). The UNHCR works under the United Nations General Assembly and its goal is to seek international protection and permanent solutions for refugees. It was established in 1950 with a core mandate to protect the refugees. However, nowadays it is responsible for a slightly larger group that does not only include refugees but also asylum seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), stateless persons or migrants (UNHCR, 2014). Although the protection of refugees is the primarily the responsibility of States, however the main partner that works closely with the governments is the UNHCR and has been doing so throughout the past 50+ years (Jastram Achiron, 2001, p.5). UNHCR aims Specify here what these conventions say about humanitarian assistance to refugees. And specify what they should do in Greece/kara tepe (Provide legal advice, information about asylum processes, housing tents, medical care). IRC aims and guidelines in lesvos The IRC is the only international aid organization working on all fronts of the crisis. In Europe: The IRC was one of the first aid organizations to assist the thousands of refugees arriving each day on the Greek island, Lesbos. IRC aid workers continue to work around the clock in Greece and in Serbia to provide essential services, including clean water and sanitation, to families living in terrible conditions. And we are helping new arrivals navigate the confusing transit process and understand their legal rights. https://www.rescue.org/topic/refugee-crisis-europe-middle-east http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/policy_research/the_truth_about_asylum?gclid=CjwKEAiA4dPCBRCM4dqhlv2R1R8SJABom9pH4MUi49WtBBRwl558uk2TDFLSaBVM4B54KIi7rfFL0xoCr1bw_wcB Education is the most powerful tool for children, their families and communities in order to survive and recover from a crisis or a conflict; it enables people to drive their own health, safety and prosperity (IRC, 2016). According to the IRC goals that they have published, they state that poor access to education can affect peoples chance to improve their lives, which is why they provide children, youth and adults with educational opportunities which therefore keeps them safe and learn the skills they need to survive and succeed (IRC, 2016). Moreover, the IRCs main goals in regards to education are the following: Ensure that children aged 0 to 5 develop cognitive and social-emotional skills Ensure that school-aged children develop literacy, numeracy and social-emotional skills Ensure that youth and adults have high levels of livelihood, literacy, numeracy and social-emotional skills Ensure that children, youth and adults have regular access to safe and functional education services (IRC, 2016). Save the children aims and guidelines Save the childrens main priority in Greece and especially in Lesvos is to protect the children that are in refugee camps, and to ensure that most importantly they are physically safe and have enough food and good shelter. Apart from distributing the basics, they claim to have started providing items such as sanitary pads, soap, shampoo, toilet paper and simple food items such as crackers and tea (save the children, 2015). However, since their priority is protecting children, they have also met with national charities in Greece to identify child protection needs, and have worked on transporting the new arrivals to the island to different registration points, to make sure that families and unaccompanied children to do not have to walk 70km to register (save the children, 2015). Food Asylum Process Language Give me the money to pay a smuggler and Ill go back to Syria right now. There the death is quick. Here we are dying slowly. In this chapter, the theoretical foundations of humanitarian aid discussed above will be applied to the case of aid agencies operating in Kara Tepe camp. First I I will give a brief overview of the situation in Kara Tepe according to my own lived experience and reflection there during summer. Second, I will compare and contrast the agencies stated aims and guidelines to the real situation on the ground in Kara Tepe in order to clarify to what extent they manage to live up to their words. I will then underline some of the key obstacles currently hindering the organisations effective service delivery to the residents. Before arriving to Lesvos, I had no expectations of how the situation would be there. All I had in mind was the image often portrayed to us by the media about the refugee camps, which is one an image of violence and chaos, and I thought our task as volunteers would solely be to only distribute food and clothes as it was mentioned on the organisations website. However, when I arrived to the island, nothing was as I imagined it to be. In fact, Kara Tepe was a well-organised camp, and our job as HSA volunteers with HSA was to distribute food and clothes to families in camp, but it was done through a well thought out system. We had the meals delivered to the resident families door- to-door to their housing units in teams. The residents themselves were also part of the distribution teams, depending on what area they lived in as they were more familiar with the people of the camp than the volunteers residents. Moreover, we also distributed clothes by giving the residents tickets for monthly appointments. This system has indeed created a harmony in the camp, and a sense of belonging to a community. A very important factor that played a huge role for me while in Kara Tepe was the language. Arabic is my mother tongue, so it was easy for me to communicate with most of the refugees which had come to Lesvos from Syria and Iraq. Consequently, I therefore created a special bond with them and they turned to me to translate when misunderstandings or problems occurred in the camp. Being the only staff speaking their language, I felt that it became my duty to voice their feelings and opinions in everyday situations, being the only staff speaking their language, and I believe this was why I allocated a leading role in the team from the outset. My boss saw how the refugees turned to me for help as I could voice their concerns, and assigned me as a team leader shortly after I arrived. As I gained an understanding of the familys needs, my duties did not just involve the clothing distribution part, but also comprised on the task of improving the existing system to avoid stress and queues. This project was successful and it led the UNHCR to ask to publish our standard of procedures to the benefit of other organisations operating in the camp, and we got praised by the camp management for increasing the safety and dignity of the refugees residing in there which are referred to as residents of Kara Tepe. It is important to stress that the refugees living in camps are human beings just like everyone else. Fleeing wars and conflicts, being homeless, does not make them any different from anyone. They had normal lives in their home countries when the war forced them to leave everything and flee, and they are often well educated and skilled. Unfortunately, the way the refugees are forced to live in camps portray them in a very bad way, that everyone including myself had our own assumptions towards them due to the situation. It has been my privilege to have known and live among the refugees that I call my friends and family now for three months in Kara Tepe, and therefore I had to give this background of my time spent in camp as a tribute to