Refugee Blues and Disabled Comparison Essay

The subject of fight and the loss of human life has had a deep influence on poetry of the first half of the 20th century. many an former(a)(prenominal) poets from around the world had felt the direct impact of earth-shattering wars and went on to express their opinions through their works. It was during wartime eras that the poems incapacitate and Refugee Blues were written by Wilfred Owen and W.H. Auden respectively. Both of the given war poems are considered to be some of the most signifi enkindlet flecks of poetry of their time and the occurrence that they were written during times of worldwide conflict explains their brutal honesty, grim atmospheres and the poets require to convey both shock and lugubriousness through their interpreted image of war. handicapped was written by Wilfred Owen when he was in England to recover from war trauma. The backup gives a glimpse of what the poem is roughly a lonely soldier forced to be amputated. Although it is only a single piece of his string of anti-war poems, disenable is arguably one of his most effective and significant works. The context of the poem takes place in Britain during its involvement in the Great War and tells a tale of a alter (hence the title) soldier who resides in a hospital.To shock the readers, Owen reveals that the soldier is actually a young adolescent, aged 17-19, who returning from the Western Front, was forced to bewilder his limbs amputated. In contrast, Refugee Blues is a poetical work of W.H. Auden in 1939 the year World War Two broke pop out. The name of the title is a type to an old musical genre blues. They were originally sang by early African slaves on American soil. The songs of the particular genre were mostly about sadness and depression. This, combined with the term refugee, create an interesting title, that is useful to identify what type of person is the protagonist and why the structure of the poem is reminiscent of a (blues) song. Although compared to Disable d it is slightly less heavy in terms of tone and atmosphere, the second (or third) reading of the poem should convince most readers that the horrors of war are actually in truth prominent and are imagen through the terrified eyes of an innocent citizen. The story deep down tells about a German Jew and his wife, both taking numerous attempts to consort their homeland in hopes for salvation as their life becomes that of downward spiral fol abjecting the rise of the fascist regime. Although the poets Wilfred Owen and W.H. Auden express their attitudes differently, it can be considered that both vocalise their opinion on the same side of the arguement.As said above, both Disabled and Refugee Blues share anti-war ideals, however they refer to different issues. This is most belike because, the two poems were written during different political eras, the Great War and the Second World War. Disabled, written in 1917, addresses the brutality experienced by British soldiers on the Western Front and how the youth was fooled into volunteering by the older members of the nations upper class who did nothing but scrutinized them, living in their safe, palmy English homes opus their sons died in the name of patriotism. Nonetheless, Owens poetry expands on that point to show that it is not only old men who do the trickery, but it is also ordinary people who encourage and ultimately, let down the soldiers. An example of that would be Aye, that was it, to please the giddy jilts. This only us what led the disabled trooper to his tragedy, but to make his existence in this world even much depressing and sad, Owen goes on with How cold and late it is Why dont they come? The readers are shown that after the war ends, whether the soldier is dead or living, on that point wont be much good left to him, as their somewhat ignorant society decides to abandon the men who put their ragings on stake for their flag.Perhaps this serves to state that true patriotism is ultimately point less and obsolete, or that no matter what form it takes, it does more harm than good by painting a false image of glory in peoples minds. It can be said that Disabled is written to show how soldiers adapt to a wartime/post-war society. The poem is a reflection of Owens surroundings while in fighting in France and resting at the military hospital in England. A widely-considered opinion that soldiers are state-sponsored killers is being turned down by the poet to show how these young, young and unwilling men are being put in position that is a matter of life and death, from which, most who manage to return are either scarred mentally or broken physically. Looking at the language of the poem, Owens overall attitude can be interpreted as more pessimistic, as he leaves a rather sour taste about the subject of war. W.O. tries to convince the readers that the war does not necessarily make one a hero, and neither does it bring true pride to combatants, rather using it to lure the men to t heir death.In fact, if there was anyone to feel a sense of glory or pride, it would be those who didnt participate or lacked the courage to face the horrific effects of war, which is the idea Wilfred was trying to bring across to future generations. It should be storied that this poem, among his many others, was written during the brief period in- amongst Owens deployments to France, which gives it a feeling of raw energy that came from his recently-seen experiences at the front, which resulted in the brutal honesty of the poem. Whereas W.O. wrote about volunteers and how they were ignored and exploited by citizens, Auden seems to be more concerned about innocent people rather than troops, specifically minorities, almost as if Refugee Blues is the flip-side of Disabled. There is only one occasion in the entire poem where the soldiers (who serve the regime) appear at the very end. Their primary purpose there was to repose any sense of optimism left in the poem.The quote to re impa rt that is Ten thousand soldiers marched to and fro looking for you and me, my dear The fact that none of the soldiers were described or werent given any personal development is a rather bland effort by Auden (in my opinion, of course) because it is well known that despite a high morale, there were members of the Wehrmacht who did not see eye-to-eye to Hitler or his policies and were renegades and deserters. Therefore, it is implied that Auden saw all German soldiers within the same group anti-Semitists. On the other hand, he had a good arguement for the enlist of refugees, after all, they were German nationals no matter their religion/ethinity, but were hunted down anyways. This shows how inhumane the regime was to their countrymen and allows the reader to understand that racial and religious topics could be used to kill innocents, rather than to promote peace. Regarding attitudes, the two poets ultimately bring the same message they wished to bring an end to the wars that revolv ed around their lives. Differences, however, should be observe between the two Owen displays his attitude quite clearly, criticizing the Great War at every possible turn literally and figuratively.This is because of his prior military history and the fact that he was fooled into serving by being a staunch supporter of his country he should have known better. W.H. Auden is indifferent to what happens to the troops, instead, he writes from a civilians point of view to represent their agony. There is still some optimism in him, however. For example in the quotation But we are still alive my dear, we are still alive. He isnt as harsh a critic of war as Owen due the fact that the last mentioned served as a Sergeant and went through though times such as defending trenches from bombings and visual perception his men die, all experienced first-hand. Another reason could be that the Second World War was retributory beginning when the poem was written (1939) and its main focus was on the Holocaust. Therefore the comparison between the two should not be about war, but about inhuman conditions and about betrayal Jews in Refugee Blues and soldiers in Disabled.Nevertheless, it shouldnt be assumed that Auden wasnt exposed to war he was a civilian asset for the Republic during the Spanish Civil War as well as travelling to china during their war with Japan to write A Journey to War. Poems Disabled and Refugee Blues employ slightly different structures. Disabled is written in well-ordered stanzas consisting of six to eight concerns each. The stanzas are used by the poet to tell a narrative that takes time in past, present and future. Every stanza switches between past and present to describe his life in a before and after scenario. This way of poetic storytelling is quite effective, because in this case it allows us to see how far build up conflicts and wars evolve average individuals. The last stanza is written in a future tense in order to show what it (future) wo uld bring to the disabled veterans life. It can be said that not much good will come out of it. In a way, Owen makes the atmosphere seem somewhat dystopian, seeing how there was very little reason to continue to live for that soldier, and how his future is already predicted and how he will have to follow regulations set by others for doing nothing, other than serving his country.This makes it shocking, considering WWI happened before. Another noticeable feature within the structure of Disabled is that it contains a stanza that stands out from the norm. This referred stanza is used to show that there actually were people who could show a sense of appreciation, for example a man in line 2. This is demonstrated in the lines Only a solemn man who brought him fruitsThanked him.. This quotation is alpha because Owen embraces the fact that among the spoiled, hypocritical and ungrateful citizens, there were certain individuals who remained committed and loyal to their heroes no matter how ugly the war was going. This stanza lasts only three lines to reflect on the point that the soldiers life only had very rare and brief moments of hope and that the rest of his time in the institution was boring and agonizing, just like the length of the poem.Regarding rhyming, Disabled is inconsistent in that aspect, as it lacks a rhyming pattern to unify and join the stanzas together. For example the first stanza rhymes as A,B,A,C,B,C while the second stanza is A,B,C,B,C,D,B. Perhaps the inconsistency of the rhyme is intended to represent either the volatile nature of war or the uncertainty regarding the soldiers future, although the latter is an unlikely theory. With Refugee Blues, the structure of the poem is fairly honest Auden wrote it as a recreation of blues song. Every stanza within the poem consists of three lines. The poems narrative goes within a chronological order, although the stanzas all represent flashbacks, it is most likely that they are in order. Audens poem fol lows a simple rhyming pattern A,A,B for most of the time.At the end of each stanza, there is a third line which acts as a summary for the two preceding lines and uses repetition. All third lines in the poem include the words my dear to represent a long-lasting hope within the hopeless atmosphere. One of the similarities between the structures of the two poems is that both Refugee Blues and Disabled contain at least one stanza which is three lines in length, albeit for different reasons Owen wrote it as unique stanza to stand out since it is of lighter tone than the rest of the poem, while Auden constructed his poem to contain no more than three lines for the sake of structuring it as a blues song. On the other hand, there are much more contrasts between the two, for example R.B. rhymes most of the time, thanks to its organized structure the fact that each stanza is only three line long helps maintain the pacing while reading it and therefore, the words rhyme as they should. Disa bled is less restrictive and relies less on rhyming.Owens piece contains average stanzas with six to eight lines in length. Lastly the other noticeable difference is that Refugee Blues has a narrative that follows a chronological order, while W.O.s poem switches between past and present with each stanza. Both poets W.H. Auden and Wilfred Owen use an expansive variety of different language techniques, such as metaphors, personification, senses, repetition and similes. close to notably, both poems feature similes and repetition. In Disabled, similes are used to create an irrational comparison between the protagonist and unrelated, vile, almost animalistic (to display how low he had sank on a social level) things, in this case, disease. A prime example of that would be the quotation All of them touch him like some whimsical disease.This quote conveys the poets feelings towards how many war veterans were undeservingly alienated from their society. Alternatively, W.H. Auden uses the sa me technique to compare the extent of liberty given to an animal (fish) and a sub-human (as believed by fascists). To show the misery the Jews had to face, this point is given directly from the protagonist. As shown in the subsequent lines Saw the fish swimming as if they were free. From here we can observe the fact that the poems main characters the Jewish refugees had little to no rights at all as their agony made them wish to live as animals fish in the harbour.Although this being a somewhat far-fetched attempt, it can be possible to infer that Auden may hold the value of freedom as above of civilization and progress, since it could be assumed that the characters would much rather live a primitive, yet free life than holding a place within an established society. It is ultimately clear that average, innocent citizens, as well as front-line soldiers had their lives greatly affected (in a negative way) by unnecessary wars which doomed their future, and although subtle, similes ar e a powerful way to depict their struggles. UNFINISHED(repetition/improve similes and do comparison/personification/senses/metaphors)

Synopsis of Renaissance Play, The Roaring Girl

Mary Fitzgerald visits her love Sebastian, dressed as a semester. They were betrothed and something has happened to impede the marriage. Sebastian tells Mary about gun moll, whom hes pretending to love to trick his father. Scene 2 Sir Alexander (Sebastian Father) is having guests over. He takes them on a tour of his home and accordingly tells them a report card of a man who is in love with a Moll (Mary and Sebastian were betrothed until his father discovered how low the dowry was, and then he persistent not to allow the marriage.Sebastian then pretends to be in eve with Moll to trick his father into letting him marry Mary) A monster It comes to light that the story is about his own son and Sebastian keep ups despatchended and storms out. Sir Alexander then hires Trapdoor to spy on Moll, track her down, and kill her. Act 2 Scene 1 Scenes opens at a group of stores. Here lagoon is trying to borrow m aney from Mrs.. Gallop. He pretends to want to sleep with her when in truth he i s using her to get money. (He acts same(p) they have never had the opportunity) We also find out that Lagoon wants to pay Moll for sex E offers and they agree on a time and place, time-honored Inns Fields at 300. We have goshawk who is told a by Mr.. Openwork that he has been seeing a prostitute just now sworn to secrecy (Goshawk by and by in the stroke tells his secret because he wants to seduce Mrs.. Openwork) We also see Mrs.. Openwork insult Moll and yell to get out of her store because Moll is considered a where, low class, thief, trash, etc. We also know Moll cross dresses and she pulls a sword on a man who assaulted her at a local tavern. then Trapdoor approaches Moll and pretends to be her friend, asks to be at her service.They agree to meet at Gray Inns Fields as well between 300-400. Scene 2 Sebastian is lamenting to himself saying a free man should marry who he wants. His father is hiding in the room and Sebastian sees him exactly pretends not too. Then Moll and a Porter enter with a Viol. Sebastian then begs Moll for marriage and she states that she is simply too independent to marry. Sir Alexander is dumbfounded. Moll tells him she could possibly love him, but to re cipher his proposal, for he could be being too hasty. Then a tailor enters and takes measurements for Molls manly clothing (pants).Moll and Tailor leave and Sir Alexander makes his presence known. He yells at Sebastian for using bad Judgment, he is bewitched, and badmouths Moll saying their marriage would disgrace him. Sebastian defends her saying she is only guilty of having a strong spirit and unify with male friends. Then Sir Alexander leaves and we hear Sebastian saying how he is using Moll to get Mary. Act 3 Scene 1 Moll meets Lagoon and she takes his money. Then she pulls off her cloak and draws a sword and challenges a duel. She wants to teach him a lesson that not all women are whores.She says if it were not a sin, women would be reveal off to sleep tit men, for they l ie about it anyway and treat them with disrespect. They fight and she wins. Lagoon apologizes and leaves. Shortly after, Trapdoor shows (and posterior he tells Sir Alexander that Moll had met with Sebastian that day) but he doesnt recognize her at first dressed like a man. He then follows Moll. Scene 2 This scene opens with Mrs.. Gallop being jolly moody and angry before her guests arrive. Mr.. Gallop comes in and asks her if shes pregnant. He unknowingly delivers a love letter from Lagoon (requesting 30 more than pounds) Mr..Gallop walks back in and catches her reading the letter. She tears up the letter and to cover up her scheme she tells him that she and Lagoon had a contract to be married, but she thought he was dead. right away he has tracked her down (at the cost of 30 pounds) and wants to marry her. He doesnt want a court battle so agrees to pay Lagoon. Then the guests arrive, they think Mrs.. Gallop is ill and she should lay down, so they leave. Then Lagoon arrives and he falls into the plan (he did not know until he picked up hints from Mrs.. Gallop). He then acts angry at the fact not being able to marry her E says he would marry her no matter what. He takes the 30 pounds and the Gaslights leave. The scene closes with Lagoon saying women are deceiving. Scene 3 (Sir Alexander acts like Trapdoor owes him money so he can run and talk to him) Scene opens with Trapdoor carnal knowledge Sir Alexander that he has Moll on the ropes. Trapdoor tells him that Moll meets Sebastian dressed as a man (and says they met that day at three Moll had once once more tricked them) Then we see Sir pascal who is Jack Diapers father talking about how bad/wild his son is. He tells his plan to hire policeman to stanch Jack, regulate him in Jail to teach him a lesson.Sir Dad is talking to he two cops (Curtail and Hanger) and they do not realize they are talking to Sir Dad (they insult him to his face and look like fools) The cops go looking for Jack, but Moll and Trapd oor overhear them and warn Jack before they can catch Jack. The cops get angry at Moll, and shes pleased with her good deed. Act 4 Scene 1 Opens again with Trapdoor bragging that he has Moll. Sir Alexander tries to set Moll up by planting expensive items for her to steal. (Gold Chain, money). They exit and Moll, Mary (both dressed as men) enter with Sebastian. They are talking, Moll tells that she has never initiated (or had) sex?Then Moll sings and later sees the gold chain and diamond. Sebastian then plans to give 40 pound to Moll (maybe to pay for her help? ) Sir Alexander knows who Moll is, but pretends not to know when he enters. And Sebastian covers saying she is a musician and he is paying for her services. Scene 2 This scene opens with Mrs.. Gallop and Mrs.. Openwork talking. Mrs.. Openwork admits to knowing what Goshawk is up to She says she asked her husband about the procedure and she also knows Goshawk wants to date her. Mrs.. Gallop then admits that Lagoon was after he r too, but she is finally rid of him as well.Goshawk enters and offers to try to trap Mr.. Openwork in an affair(? ) They put on masks and Lagoon enters. Then so does Mr.. Openwork. He wants them to take off the masks and she lets him know they are angry (Goshawk doesnt know Mrs.. Openwork told Mr.. Openwork that he told his secret, so he gets really nervous thinking she is going to give him away). Mrs.. Openwork then says for her husband to Seek his where and Mr.. Openwork starts asking who told. No one will tell and he confronts Goshawk, it comes out that Goshawk had told and that everything was a trick to teach him a lesson. Mr.. Openwork had set Goshawk up but now forgives him.Next, Mr.. Gallop enters with Greenest disguised as a Sumner and Lagoon. Lagoon is demanding more money based on Mrs.. Gaslights lie. Greenest then removes his mask and Mrs.. Gallop tells the truth (and tells that they did not have sex). Lagoon says he was only testing Mrs.. Gallop and was doing it in nobl e honesty, but says she refused him. Lagoon agrees to pay Mr.. Gallop back in full plus interest for what he did. Act 5 Scene 1 Jack Dapper, Moll (dressed as a man) and Sir Beauteous Ganymede enter. Moll tells them that she knows about Trapdoor being a fraud, and Jack says he knows hat he father was the one who sent the cops after him.Then Attract and Trapdoor enter disguised as soldiers (Moll recognizes them) Claimed to have fought in a war that was over 100 years ago. Moll pulls off his patch and reveals him. They still claim to be soldiers and beggars. They give them money. Moll asks Trapdoor if he will still pretend to go along with Sir Alexander plot. Then several(prenominal) structures enter and Moll describes the ways of thieving (busting them), so they leave. Scene 2 Sir Alexander, Goshawk, and Greenest enter. Sir Alexander is still complaining about his son wanting to marry Moll. Sir roast Fitzgerald enters and aunts him about his sons new choice (? Sir Alexander begs Sir Guy for help, but he is still upset for him not allowing the marriage to happen in the first place. So Sir Alexander agrees to give up half his estate to get rid of Moll. Then Moll enters it is told that she helped to trick Sir Alexander. Sebastian apologized to his father, Sir Alexander apologized to Mary and Moll states that she did them all a favor. Moll then announces that when gallants are not in fear of being arrested for debt, etc Then she will marry (in other words, never) Sir Alexander thanks Moll, Trapdoor confesses, and everyone is happy

Importance of Grades

Importance of Grades Grading and plowing be relatively upstart phenomena in education. In fact, prior to 1850, range and reporting were virtually unknown in schools in the linked States. The teacher reported disciples learning progress orally to p bents, usually during visits to students homes. As the follow of students increased in the late 1800s, schools began to group students in post levels according to their age, and new ideas virtually political platform and teaching methods were tried.One of these new ideas was the use of formal progress evaluations of students work, in which teachers wrote down the skills each student had mastered and those on which additional work was needed. This was d wizard primarily for the students benefit, since they were not permitted to move on to the succeeding(a) level until they demonstrated their mastery of the current one. It was also the earliest example of a narrative report card. In essence, grading is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of teachers.It involves the collection and evaluation of evidence on students achievement or performance over a specified period of time, such(prenominal) as nine weeks, an academic semester, or entire school year. Through this process, various types of descriptive teaching and measures of students performance are converted into grades or marks that summarize students accomplishments. Although some educators severalise between grades and marks, most consider these terms synonymous.Both imply a set of symbols, words, or poetry that are used to designate different levels of achievement or performance. They might be letter grades such as A, B, C, D, and F Descriptive words such as Exemplary, Satisfactory, and Needs Improvement or numerals such as 4, 3, 2, and 1. Reporting is the process by which these judgments are communicated to parents, students, or otherwises. However, grades do not come well-fixed to some students. College is really a students last cha nce to get nifty grades and the worthy chance for a person to prove himself to the world.Having said that, grades are very important because they determine the length of time you spend getting your degree, the pleasing of job you receive, and the livelihood of your future. Continuing to get good grades is a sure way of getting your degree in a timely the working world. Maintaining a 3. 0 GPA is characteristic in being considered for the top jobs in today s world. Many companies are only looking for the top scholars in their academic field. You will be compensated for the amount of familiarity that you have.Good grades act as the prerequisites of your future. Therefore, it is up to you to expand with serious work, discipline, and the ability to excel. Excellence is the key to victor in the 21st Century. Despite such difficulties in understanding the exact meanings of grades and the GPA, they remain important accessible metrics and sometimes yield heated discussions over issue s such as grade swelling. Although grade inflation has many different meanings, it usually is defined by an increase in the absolute number of As and Bs over some period of years.The tacit assumption here seems to be that any continue increase in the overall percentage of good grades or in the overall GPA implies a corresponding decline in academic standards. Although historically there have been periods in which the number of good grades decreased significantly. Social concerns usually only accompany the grade inflation pattern. As discussed in look for As for Everyone. By Alicia C. Shepard, James Mooney stated Certainly there are students who are victims of grade inflation in secondary school, said Mooney. They come to college, and the grading system is much more rigorous.Thats one of the most difficult things to convey to the students. If youre getting a B, youre doing well in a course. When college instructors are asked about the reasons for their emphasis on grades, they r eport that student behaviors such as arguing over the scoring of a iodin question operate it necessary for them to maintain strict and well-defined grading standards in their classrooms. What seems lacking in this context is a authorize recognition by both the instructor and the student that grades are best construed as a type of communication.When grades are thought about in this way, they can be used to improve learning. Only when grades are integrated into a coherent teaching and learning scheme do they serve the purpose of providing useful and textbookmark-start meaningful textbookmark-end feedback not only to the larger culture but to the individual student as well. Few issues have created more controversy among educators than those associated with grading and reporting student learning. Despite the many debates and multitudes of studies, however, prescriptions for best practice remain elusive.Although teachers generally try to climb up grading policies that are honest and fair, strong evidence shows that their practices vary widely, even among those who teach at the corresponding grade level within the same school. earn grades, for example, offer parents and others a brief description of students achievement and the adequacy of their performance. But using letter grades requires the abstraction of a great do it of information into a single symbol. In addition, the cut-offs between grades are always arbitrary and difficult to justify.Letter grades also lack the richness of other, more detailed reporting methods such as narratives or standards-based reports. Parents often are left wondering if their sisters achievement is comparable with that of other children or in line with the teachers expectations. straightaway Parents are more concerned with the grades as mentioned by Alicia Shepard in the essay, Theres a term for the legions of parents like me. The parents who make sure to get the teachers e-mail and home phone number on Back to School Night. The kind who e-mail teachers when their child fails a quiz.The kind who apply the same determination to making sure their child excels academically that they apply to the professional world. We are called helicopter parents because we hover over everything our kids do like unknown Service agents guarding the president. Most students view high grades as positive recognition of their success, and some work hard to avoid the consequences of low grades. Although educators would undoubtedly prefer that motivation to learn be entirely intrinsic, the existence of grades and other reporting methods are important factors in determining how much effort students put forth.No single grading method adequately serves all purposes, schools must first identify their primary purpose for grading, and so select or develop the most appropriate approach. This process involves the difficult task of seeking consensus among assorted groups of stakeholders. The issues of grading and reporting on student learning continue to challenge educators. However, more is known at the beginning of the twenty-first century than ever before about the complexities involved and how certain practices can bias teaching and learning.To develop grading and reporting practices that provides quality information about student learning requires clear thinking, careful planning, excellent communication skills, and an overriding concern for the well-being of students. Combining these skills with current knowledge on strong practice will surely result in more efficient and more effective grading and reporting practices. Shepard, Alicia. As for Everyone. The Contemporary Reader. 9th ed. Ed. Gary Gosggarian. New York Pearson, 2008. 417-422.

Bighorn Sheep

The bighorn sheep sheep sheep is a species of sheep in northeastward America named for its large horns. Their horns can weigh up to 30 pounds , while the sheep themselves weigh up to 300 pounds. Ovis Canadensis is the scientific name of the bighorn sheep. Male bighorn sheep or rams are easy identified by their large spiral horns which grow throughout their conks. An adult rams horns may measure everywhere 30 inches each in length and reach 15 inches in circumference at the base. female person bighorn or ewes hire slender, straighter horns that grow throughout their lives to lengths of 8-10 for Rocky Mountain bighorn ewes and 12-17 for desert bighorn ewes. Young bighorn that are less than 1 year of age are referred to as haves. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, bighorn sheep in North America were estimated to number between 1.5 and 2 million, notwithstanding today less than 70,000 remain. In the late 1800s, hunting, competition from livestock grazing, and diseases introduced by domestic livestock devastated bighorn populations. Although paradoxs with domestic livestock are subsiding, they still exist and are now accompanied by accelerating habitat loss and human disturbance. Habitat loss and fragmentation are recognized as the most monumental threats facing bighorn sheep today. Natural predation from mountain lions, coyotes and bobcats also pose a risk to bighorn populations that have dwindled to low numbers. An entire subspecies of bighorn sheep, the Audubon bighorn, which inhabited parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming and nor-east was extirpated by 1925. At various times in the early 1900s, bighorn sheep were extirpated from the states of Washington, Oregon, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila.Fortunately, many populations have been re-established through transplanting bighorn sheep from healthy populations to vacant habitat Rams typically live 9-12 years, while e wes usually live 10-14 years Although the diet of bighorn sheep varies according to the habitat and season, bighorn generally eat grasses, shrubs, and forbs. Some favorite shrubs for desert bighorn sheep are acacia or catclaw, encelia, sweetbush, and krameria. Generally, bighorn sheep are expedient feeders that adapt their diet to the forage available. Mountain lions, wolves, bobcats, coyotes and golden eagles are predators of bighorn sheep. Eagles have been known to foredate upon lambs, but they are unable to kill adult bighorn. Predation is usually not a problem for healthy bighorn populations however, when bighorn are supressed by other factors, predation can limit recovery and potentially drive a population to extinction The breeding season, or rut, generally extends from August-November for desert bighorn sheep and October-January for Rocky Mountain and California bighorn sheep. It is during this time that rams clash heads to fight for dominance. In each batch of rams ther e is a dominance order, and the higher ranking rams do most of the breeding. Genetic studies are presently underway to determine the percentage of breeding completed by dominant and subordinate rams. Bighorn sheep have an approximately 6 month gestation period and most ewes give birth to one lamb per year.

Masculinity versus femininity

If the main idea of the story is seen it is a tragedy but the original idea of this story is masculinity vs. femininity. There is a conflict surrounded by Ibo and the British. The Ibo are an agrarian people who are patriarchal and the Okonkwo who is the protagonist has solid popular opinions.Ibo emphasizes on traditional set and respect. The two cultures do not have any common background. The lack of common language between Okonkwo and Ibo interrupts in religious, cultural and legal appreciation. The beating incident of Okonkwos wife creates the disparity and that was not delicious by the British. It also separates the two cultures.Okonkwo wanted to be different from his father. He wanted to be contradictory from him as according to him his father was a coward warrior and he knew that his father was not able to handle the perspective boldly. So Okonkwo himself wanted to be a brave warrior with many titles. When his son joined the church, Okonkwo felt in truth sad as he thought that his son was weak in mind and he thought that his son would become soft because of the influence of white culture. By this example we can find issue the issue of masculinity vs. femininity. Okonkwo made his whole life on the basis of masculinity and so he gave to his tribe. He always believed that this is the masculinity that can survive a tribe.

Shoulder Surgery and the Athlete

For many competitive and/or passe-partout athletes, injury is unforeseeable and in round cases, the decision to continue on with their sport comes into question. More specifically, for those athletes who conduct splited, or even, were born with instable articulatio humeris and choose undergone strong-arm therapy, are inevitably plagued with the notion, when therapy fails to work, to either have process to fix their shoulder(s) and to continue participating in their sport, or to quit their sport.In this sense, for the athletes who want to carry on in their sport, it appears that an free or arthroscopic Bankart Repair is the around plausible solution in correcting on-going shoulder dissymmetry in athletes who have not improved with therapy and want to continue with their sport. In competitive or professional athletes, a stable shoulder is assertive for peak performance, especially for those athletes involved in sports that use grim over psyche motions, such(prenominal) as swimming, or throwing a baseball.In understanding a stable shoulder, the shoulder is a colligation that contains three ancient bones the shoulder blade, or scapula, the collarbone, or clavicle, and the upper arm bone, besides known as the humerus. In addition, the Ameri displace honorary society of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2001), dictate that the nous of the humerus bone (the humeral head) rests in a shal disordered socket deep down the shoulder blade called the glenoid and is held into the socket by the lining of the joint called the capsule.Moreover, the humeral head is quite larger than that of the socket, and a downy fibrous tissue lip, known as the labrum, surrounds the socket, which helps keep the joint stabilized (Shoulder joint tear). Furthermore, the Ameri merchantman Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2001) renders the rim in the socket deepens by up to 50 percent, therefore allowing the humeral head to fit fall apart. Whats more is that the rim also serves as an attach ment site for several ligaments (Shoulder joint tear).Additionally, the shoulder is reference as being a ball and socket type joint that permits for a wide range of movement. Although the shoulder joint is intended to be stabilized, in many cases while athletes participate in their sports, they receive injuries to their shoulders that allows for their shoulder(s) to plow instable, or even, it has been found that in some competitive athletes who might experience pain whilst enduring unbroken overhead motions, may have inherited instable shoulders and have repeatedly gitated the joint. In this sense, it is possible that injuries to the tissue rim that surrounds the socket of the shoulder can occur from acute impairment or repetitive shoulder motion handle swimming or throwing and/or pitching, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2001), (Shoulder joint tear). More so, in its discovery, while the shoulder joint has a wide range of motion, dissymmetry can occur when the humeral head moves out of the socket, or glenoid cavity.The humeral head, considered as the ball portion of the ball and socket joint, can move either partially (sublux) or completely ( drop off) out of the socket (Sports medicine & shoulder surgery). Moreover, the humeral head can sublux or dislocate itself in three distinct focusings frontally, or forward, out of the bottom of the joint (inferior), or backward (posterior). Additionally, with any trauma to a stable shoulder, not precisely can the humeral head be forcefully dislocated or sublux, but the ligaments, capsule, or labrum can be torn, detached, or stretched from the shoulder bone as well.Conversely, McFarland and Petersen declare that although the humeral head is capable of being put back in place, the ligaments, labrum, or capsule may be restored in a stretched or loose position, thus increasing the discover of subluxation or dis spatial relation to occur once again (Sports medicine & shoulder surgery). In addition, there are wide ranges of problems that are contributed to shoulder instability that of which can take on many different forms in a competitive athletes shoulder(s).More so, according to Wahl and Slaney (2005), these different factors influence how the shoulder should be treated, nonetheless each of these factors needs to be considered (Arthroscopic shoulder surgery). One of these forms is the bitterness of the instability where the severity can range anywhere from being subtle, to mild or moderate, or severe. Furthermore, the direction and utensil of instability can also be a contributing factor.As argued by Wahl and Slaney (2005), with direction, the instability of a shoulder can be due from anterior, posterior, or multi-directional dislocation or subluxation, and in the mechanism of instability, it can either be traumatic or a-traumatic (Arthroscopic shoulder surgery). Furthermore, Wahl and Slaney (2005) have also inquired that when a vernal athlete suffers from su bluxation or dislocation, it is statistically likely that they will dislocate again.Studies have shown that when a dislocation occurs in a child with extend mystifyth plates, there is up to a 100 percent chance that they will dislocate again. Additionally, Wahl and Slaney (2005) claim that in young adults, typically under the age of 20, whose growth plates have just begun to close, the re-dislocation rate is slightly 55 percent to 95 percent (Arthroscopic shoulder surgery).Therefore, it appears that without functional repair, a young competitive athlete with instable shoulders may endure strikinger damage to their shoulder joint and develop other problems associated with instability. In those athletes with instable shoulder(s) looking to find the surpass course of treatment, it appears that in equality to an open or arthroscopic Bankart Repair, an athlete has only minimal choices in treating their instability.Some of these choices entail the use of anti-inflammatory medicati ons such as Aleve, Naproxen, or simply Advil, modifying the employment that aggravates the injury, physical therapy, which helps increase the muscle strength of the shoulder(s), and/or stopping the activity overall. On the contrary however, for countless competitive athletes, these choices are sometimes not enough, or yet, do not help, and the decision to end their sport is out of the question. With surgery as the remaining option, there are many considerations that first need to be looked into.For example, Matsen and Warme (2008), claim that athletes who should forego surgery will have had experienced persistent occurrences of shoulder subluxation or dislocation, who continue to have instability despite an adequate trial of physical therapy (Bankart Repair). Additionally, Matsen and Warme (2008) state that surgery is also an option for athletes with a-traumatic instability who have not responded to a well-conducted rehabilitation platform (Bankart repair). Nevertheless, the decis ion for an open or arthroscopic Bankart Repair is the best solution for athletes with instable shoulders who have sought out alternate(a) treatments, that of which have failed, and wish to continue on with their sport. In shoulder instability surgery, the labrum, which is profoundly damaged, and the ligaments found in the shoulder, are recognized and then repaired back to the glenoid, or socket. More specifically, there are two spot working(a) procedures that can be done in repairing instable shoulder(s).The first procedure entails arthroscopy, which is a closed surgical technique that uses a small camera (an arthroscope) to be inserted through a small incision to meet or repair the tissues inside or around the shoulder joint as described by the Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia (2007), and the second is an open surgical procedure called an open Bankart Repair. According to Matsen and Warme (2008), an open Bankart Repair securely restores the attachment of the labrum and the lig aments to the edge of the glenoid socket (Bankart repair).Nonetheless, the Bankart procedure re-attaches the torn ligaments of the shoulder to the proper places, allowing for restoration of blueprint function. In comparing surgery with other treatments, such as physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, etc, it has been theorized by many Orthopaedic surgeons and as stated above, that with on-going instability in competitive athletes who have undergone other treatments, surgery is the best solution, especially if the athlete does not wish to give up their sport.Matsen and Warme (2008) have maintain that with traumatic anterior shoulder instability, surgical stabilization has been found to have the most dependable results with the use of an open Bankart Repair. Moreover, it has been tell that the use of surgery to stabilize the shoulder is the most effective method to restore comfort and go past the symptoms (Bankart repair). In addition, Matsen and Warme (2008) also state that repair for frequent traumatic instability has an excellent chance of restoring a great deal of the lost comfort and function to the unstable shoulder (Bankart repair).Furthermore, according to Mahaffey and metalworker (1999), it is believed by countless orthopaedic surgeons that the option for surgical repair, whether through arthroscopy or by an open Bankart Repair, should be placed under great consideration for athletes under the age of 25 to prevent any further relative incidences of anterior dislocation and rheumatic changes (Shoulder instability in young athletes).What is more is that Mahaffey and Smith (1999), argued that early arthroscopic surgery represents a change in the approach, where results of studies have illustrated that arthroscopic repair has been beneficial in reducing the rate of recurrent dislocation (Shoulder instability in young athletes). Mahaffey and Smith (1999) also allege that even in athletes engaged in contact sports, the incidence of recurrent dislocation is only ten to twenty percent following arthroscopic surgery. Re-dislocation occurs in some athletes, however, about five years after surgery (Shoulder instability in young athletes).Even more so, Mahaffey and Smith (1999) state that the recurrence of instability after an open Bankart repair is three to seven percent, and four to twenty-five percent with arthroscopic surgery. Additionally, Wahl and Slaney (2005) declare that without surgery, competitive athletes who persistently sublux or dislocate their shoulder(s) on a regular basis, could potentially lose valuable time in their sport, and/or worse cause permanent damage to their shoulder joint or fortune the development of premature arthritis (Arthroscopic shoulder surgery).More so, according to King, he allege that many studies have displayed that competitive athletes with unstable shoulder(s) or those athletes who have dislocated or sublux their shoulder at a younger age, are some(prenominal) more likely to cont inue to have problems with instability without surgical treatment (Shoulder instability), which also agrees with earlier references made by Mahaffey and Smith (1999).Moreover, Wahl and Slaney (2005) argue that with the use of medications, when in comparison to surgery, that there have been no medications found that are capable of treating excess instability of the shoulder joint that athletes can develop with frequent dislocation or subluxation. Nevertheless, the only roles that any medication plays with shoulder instability is its capability of masking the pain that coincides with shoulder instability and unrelenting dislocations and to make the athlete more comfortable.Whats more is that with surgery, such as arthroscopic surgery, an Orthopaedic surgeon is able to specifically isolate the contributing factors of instability. These factors can include tears of the glenoid socket lip (or labrum), tears of the shoulder capsule and ligaments, bony fractures of the glenoid socket or hu meral head, the integrity of the rotator disaster tendons, or excessive laxity or volume of the shoulder capsule (Arthroscopic shoulder surgery), where other techniques such as physical therapy, works only with the surrounding muscles of the shoulder joint.More so, physical therapy may only help with control of an instable shoulder, and not allow for the shoulder to become completely stabilized. In addition, Matsen and Warme (2008) also asserted that for competitive athletes with traumatic instability, a surgical repair enables an Orthopaedic surgeon to distinctively repair the location of injury, therefore giving the shoulder joint restoration to proper functioning for the athlete.Lastly, according to McFarland and Petersen, they declare that give the options of either modifying the activity that provokes a competitive athletes injury, or subsiding the activity overall, surgical treatment is the better alternative for those individuals not willing to give up the activities or spo rts which provoke their episodes (Sports medicine & shoulder surgery). Moreover, McFarland and Peterson also state that with surgery, the recurrence of instability is low (three to five percent), which is an agreement with the findings from Mahaffey and Smith (1999).Additionally, Khalfayan claims since a labral tear cannot heal normally and the joint capsule is stretched, surgery is recommended when non-surgical treatment, like physical therapy, is not successful. Furthermore, Khalfayan also emphasizes that with young athletes, the risk of re-dislocation can be as high as 90 percent with non-operative treatment. Therefore, in select patients or athletes, surgery may be recommended after a first-time dislocation. The re-dislocation rate after surgery is as low as five percent as compared to as high as 90 percent without surgery (OPA Ortho).All in all, many competitive and/or professional athletes are prone to, or have inherited, instable shoulder(s) and are repeatedly faced with the decision to either quit their sport or undergo elected surgery if other treatments, such as physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, etc, have failed. It is apparent that through much evidence, that an open or arthroscopic Bankart Repair is the most conceivable resolution in correcting on-going shoulder instability in competitive athletes who have not improved through therapy and want to continue with their sport.It has been greatly substantiated that without surgical repair, professional and/or competitive athletes, especially those who are young and still growing, will continue to sublux or dislocate their shoulders and cause greater damage to the shoulder joint itself and even allow for premature arthritis to develop. Nevertheless, surgery is infallible for those athletes suffering from instability and who want to continue participating in their sport. By either choosing arthroscopic surgery, or an open Bankart Repair, the use of stabilized shoulders can endure a compet itive and/or professional athlete to grow and excel in their sport.Referenceshttp//www.pamf.org/sports/king/ShoulderInstability.pdfhttp//www.aafp.org/afp/990515ap/2773.htmlhttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007206.htmhttp//orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00426

Management Control Systems at Air India Essay

1. Introduction carriage India, a national letter carrier is characterized with an urge to excel and enthusiasm started its operations on October 15, 1932. The merger of send off India and Indian, the countrys attractor in the domestic sector, has helped the airline in emerging as a major force in the airline industry.1.1 Domestic OperationsOn the domestic front, Air India operates to 47 stations, and 17 atomic number 18 machine- doorible to international destinations. The 172-seater Airbus A321 aircraft connects in all told major metros. The Regional operations provide coverage to all the metros and many littler cities crosswise the nation.1.2 ServicesApart from the basic services that an airline provides, Air India also offers Frequent neb Programme- Flying Returns. Members of the Flying Returns Programme (FRP), stub accrue mileage points time flying on Air India, Lufthansa and flights of Air Indias code shargon partners, and redeem them for award tickets or avail oppos ite facilities obtainable with the service provider on Air India or Lufthansa. whiz Alliance Air India has joined Star Alliance in mid 2010. Star Alliance, is a leading global airline alliance of 21 top international carriers. Air India passes the benefits to its passengers by becoming a member like seam slight transfers while travelling across the world, more frequent flyer mileage points, code-sharing leading to a wider choice of flights and access to lounge facilities worldwide. The Star Alliance net sprain offers more than 17,000 daily flights to 916 destinations in 160 countries. Air India show up Air Indias international budget airline, Air India Express, was launched in April 2005. Air India Express operates 200 hebdomadary flights on its net trim between 17 Indian and 14 international stations.2. Organization Structure2.1 watercourse StructureSource www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/35931/1/Unit-29.pdf 2.2 Outgrowing the traditional sitFor airlines, the function al establishmental model has worked well for decades. It helps by promoting deep technical expertise and economies of scale by grouping specialists together and focusing accountability for the fashion and efficiency of all divisions on one person the chief executive. Peripheral businesses and small customer segments got less attention from direction, however, the mainstream passenger business received most of the attention. This functional model has been the best choice for both(prenominal) aviation groups, mainly those that outsource most of the support functions (such as catering and maintenance), lack the sophisticated learning systems needed to manage more complex structures, or serve only a few consistent customer segments Yet many other carriers, like railroad and oil companies before them, have surpassed the traditional model.The rise of low-cost carriers is changing the nature of competition in the industry by letting virtually traditional airlines to expand into busin esses that offer higher margins or require less capital than their core passenger operations. Functionally organized airlines often lack the flexibility to meet the varied needs of a several(a) customer basea problem that inhibits their ability to grow in ancillary businesses and in the fast-expanding market for budget travel. As the managers in a functional organization (with the exception of the CEO), arent responsible for profitability, cost can easily mismanaged. Moreover, labor agreements that cut across several parts of a company can lead to higher wages and benefits.This is because everyone from baggage handlers to the catering staff receives some of the same perks as the cockpit combination gets. To counter those shortcomings, aviation groups should analyze and take a hard look at the idea of implementing a new form of organization structured around separate business units, each with broad decision-making impudence and responsibility for its own profitability. Such a de centralized structure resembles the classic business unit model of many diversified companies, retailers and banks, where individual units operate independently on a twenty-four hours-to-day basis and nock their own strategic direction.For airlines, however, this structure must differ in one significant way units operate as stand-alone businesses would quickly destroy the ne twainrk value that comes, for example, from coordinating interconnecting flight schedules, efficiently allocating aircraft across a number of routes, and using the fare structure to maximize revenue throughout a gargantuan network. Airlines thus need a hybrid structure that reaps the benefits of independent business units while maintaining strong cerebrate among them.3. Management Style And Culture3.1 Attitude towards employeesAir India is committed to provide its Employees a stable work environment with a scope of encouragement towards creativity and innovation to provide opportunity for learning and priv ate growth which helps the employees in improving their effectiveness. Above all, Employees are provided the same concern, respect, and warmth attitude within the organization that they are expected to share externally with every Air India customer. The management has created a culture where employees are treated as the valuable asset for the company.3.2 Decision-making process* The procedure followed in decision making involves discussions among cross-section(prenominal) of departments and/or formal decisions by the Competent Authority on office notes in accordance with the promoter of delegation of Financial and Administrative powers. * In respect of decision making on day to day basis at airports/stations, all the Duty Officers/Station Managers take spot decisions in accordance with the creature of delegation of Financial and Administrative powers and the established practices. * Decision making is by worker/management committees.* Employees are encouraged to be responsible a nd are given authority to make decisions. 3.3 concenter of Air India1. Focus on relationships among the employees is the fundamental driver of leadership, culture, strategy, and coordination at Air India which allows them to coordinate more effectively across all functions. 2. Air Indias organizational competency is its ability to build and sustain relationships characterized by the following-* shared out goals * Motivates individuals to bm beyond what is best for their own narrow area of responsibility within their own function. * Motivates them to act in the best interests of the overall process of the organization and lessens competition between different functions within the organization* Shared knowledge * Shared knowledge is about how the tasks of one person or group are cerebrate to all other tasks. * This enables the workforce to be more competent, efficient and coordinated than their competitors* Mutual respect * Encourages all employees to value the contributions of their colleagues * Encourages all employees to consider the impact of their actions on others * Reinforces the tendency to act in the best interests of the overall work process3.4 Credibility & Caring-Key to Air Indias Culture* At Air India, credibility and caring are the two critical ingredients of effective leadership. * Credibility and caring are the ability to inspire trust and the ability to inspire in employees the belief that their leaders care deeply about their well-being. * The top management team has gained the complete trust of managers in the field, and of frontline employees, by being forthright and consistent in their messages to employees.3.5 piece of Supervisors* Air India supervisors are not obstacles to coordination among frontline employees, but play a valuable role in beef up coordination through day-to-day coaching, counseling, and participation in frontline work, even baggage handling. * Supervisors go far beyond measuring stick performance and disciplining and focus on problem solving, advising, and providing support, encouragement, and recognition to individual subordinates. * Supervisors view their subordinates as internal customers who merit help in doing their jobs better.3.6 Role of Relational Competence* Teamwork at Air India is based on comparative competence- the ability to relate effectively with others. * Relational competence is a critical ingredient of organizational success, though it tends to be undervalued in the world of work. * Other organizations usually underestimate the importance of relational competence, peculiarly when it comes to people who perform highly skilled jobs. * Often excellent performers are hired, but they cannot integrate their work effectively with the work of others which results in undermining of the organizations goals, which does not happen at Air India.3.7 authorised Language ImplementationWith respect to the internal culture of the company it continued to promote Hindi as official langua ge. Various competitions like easy writing, debate, and quiz were organized during Hindi Pakhwara. In order to reminder come onive use of Hindi in the office, 57 Official Language Implementation Committees were constituted and meetings of these committees were held regularly. In order to facilitate officers/ employees in doing their official work in Hindi, seven Hindi Workshop bringing up programmes were organized. NACILs In-house Magazine Vimanika was awarded second prize in the In-House Magazine Competition organized by Ministry Of sign of the zodiac Affairs, Department of Official Language. NACIL was conferred 2nd prize by a well known literary, Socio-cultural organization Aashirwad for enceinte Hindi implementation in the category of Public Sector Undertakings (Large) of Government of India Mumbai.4. Control Process of Air IndiaThe company has lengthy internal control system which ensures optimal utilization and protection of resources, IT security, accurate coverage of f inancial transaction and compliance with applicable laws and regulations and internal policies and procedures. The internal control system is supplemented by extensive internal audit, regular reviews by management and well documented policies and guidelines to ensure reliability of financial and other records to prepare financial statements and other data.4.1 Steps taken for effective control process/system in the organization* Air India has set up a special oversight department headed by a vigilance officer whose main function is to initiate steps to curb decomposition and malpractices in the organization. The apex functions to achieve this are as below * Investigation of complaints against all categories of employees / travel agencies / handling agencies. * Monitor progress of action recommended by Vigilance against such employees. * Study and examine systems & Procedures followed in various departments, identify corruption prone areas and suggest remedial measures to minimize scope for corruption or malpractices. * Organise, conduct surprise checks in sensitive & corruption prone areas.* Maintain Surveillance on employees of doubtful integrity * Ensure quick processing of vigilance cases at all stages. * Ensure that there is no delay in the grant of the Inquiring Officer, and that no tactics are adopted by the accused officer. These are few of the functions of the vigilance department to have proper check on instances pertaining to demand and acceptance of a BRIBE in any form or kind for providing any service. * SITA, to provide new Passenger Services SystemSITA, the aviation IT specialist, has been selected to provide Passenger Services System (PSS) to Air India on a turnkey basis. SITAs Horizon platform provides PSS services to 140 airlines and will be used to deliver a whiz airline code in order to allow the seamless integration of Air India with Indian Airlines (as these two were merged under NACIL). SITA will also implement an efficient online b ooking locomotive, departure control system, and report and automated boarding control, baggage reconciliation system (BRS) and a frequent flyer programme. The booking engine will provide Air India full control over its own ticket distribution and drastically reduce costs.